Final Report Nieuw Vossemeer 2506923.pdf

26

Translating principles to interventions In this following segment, the principles as established are translated into practice through specifical designs, fit for Nieuw-Vossemeer. First, a short explanation of how these principles translate into practice will be given to clarify the logical connection between these principles and interventions. Firstly, accessibility of nature. As mentioned repeatedly, there is a relatively diverse amount of nature in the surrounding area of Nieuw-Vossemeer. However, the accessibility from the village towards nature is insufficient in several places. Interventions that contribute to this principle will minimize such disconnects and contribute to the integration of nature in the village. Secondly, the perception of livability in Nieuw-Vossemeer has a strong relation to the state of maintenance of the public space. The neglected appearance of the surroundings of the Veerweg require attention to shine as they should, showing off the natural assets of the area. Within maintenance of public space, there is a strong relation between the social aspect and the physical aspect. First of all, maintenance is needed to create the first steps in improved accessibility of the Schelde-Rijnkanaal. Once this has been achieved, it is up to both citizens and municipality to maintain the developed strengths of the area, ensuring proper upkeep.

This is where social innovation comes in. Citizens need to have a strong voice and power to execute their plans to make this work in practice. An explanation of how this could be achieved will follow near the end of this report. Citizens of Nieuw-Vossemeer also value the historical aspects of their village. To emphasize local history, integrating history is essential. This integration consists of different elements, but most remarkable is the connection with the Schelde-Rijnkanaal, which has played a central role in the village’s history. The location near the canal and the history are key components of the historical identity of the village. Historical identity may contribute to citizens feeling connected to each other and their living space. Finally, fitting amenities as a principle is integrated into several parts of the master plan that contribute to the overall demand for amenities in the area. Examples of this are housing and local leisure activities. Amenities on a larger scale, like clothing stores for example, fall outside of the scope of this principle. Because of this, fitting amenities suit the financial and social context of Nieuw-Vossemeer better than they otherwise would.

27

Interventions The development axis is the master plan consisting of various interventions that together build this design. This segment takes the reader through the axis, north to south, and discusses the interventions and their link to the specific locations.

Rietkreek Main principles: Accessibility of nature & social innovation Before: The Rietkreek is surrounded by the buildings of Nieuw-Vossemeer, lining and enclosing the waterbody. This makes it less connected to the village than it could be. The Rietkreek functions as a border, instead of an integrated part of the village. The town square is currently the prime entrance to the Rietkreek. However, because the square does not have a real draw-in factor, this location is not optimally utilized as both an access to nature and a place for social interaction.

Figure 21: The redesign of the Rietkreek and town square open up the area and have an inviting aura.

After: The town square becomes a visible, central entrance point of the Rietkreek. It draws people to the Rietkreek from within the village. The square turns into a central point where people can meet or run into each other, improving social interaction and cohesion. The square extends into the water by means of a deck, emphasizing the relation between the natural site of the Rietkreek and the urban site of the town square. The playground with water features enables children to play and experience water in a playful manner, playing with the strong relation between Nieuw-Vossemeer and the water (Niessing, 2017). The new connections between the village and the Rietkreek causes that the Rietkreek is more integrated with the village. The two present connections between the creek and the village will be enhanced and accentuated with greenery, bringing the creek into the village. Additionally, there will be two

28

new connections. These new connections will provide a better access to the Rietkreek seen from the north side of the village.

Carnaval warehouse Main principle: Maintenance of public space & social innovation Before: The current intersection of the Voorstraat and the Hoogte has a neglected appearance because of the warehouse. The warehouse is quite old in itself and its appearance is quite weathered. This damages the generally friendly appearance of the village, especially considering the importance of the intersection to the village’s mobility network. The intersection is connected to one of the main entrances to the village and makes one of the first impressions Figure 22: The warehouse in its current form looks unappealing to people get of Nieuw-Vossemeer. those unfamiliar with its regular use. Source: Google Maps.

After: The warehouse gets minor renovations to improve its outward appearance. Passersby get to enjoy the sight of the building and appreciate it as an addition to the character of Nieuw-Vossemeer. Citizens of the village can contribute through helping with painting or coming up with ideas to design the improved look of the building. Furthermore, as the building houses carnaval wagons that are iconic for Noord-Brabant culture, the building may be a nice display of local culture and character.

Construction of new walking and cycle paths Main principle: Accessibility of nature & integrating history Before: The dikes in the area of Nieuw-Vossemeer may both form a blockade and an opportunity for development. The structures create a divide between Nieuw-Vossemeer and the adjacent canal, while also providing views of the same canal. A lot of walking paths lay along (or on) the dike. Additionally, some spots along the dikes lack walking or cycling accessibility. Nevertheless, the dikes are an iconic part of the landscape which provide some wonderful views. After: An improvement of these walking paths is to move on the top of the dike. Especially on the dike along the Schelde-Rijnkanaal, this replacement would create beautiful views over the canal. Another improvement to create a better access and connection with nature would be the construction of a walking path on the Nieuw-Vossemeersedijk. This dike is connected to the Molenweg dike. The new walking path along the Molenweg dike creates a connection towards the canal.

29

Two other walking paths need an extension to connect missing parts of a path. This is the road crossing of the Moorseweg between the campsite and the football field. And the path along the Moorseweg between the Molenweg dike and the Veerweg. All these walking paths lead to or from the central development axis, which is the new vein of life for the connection towards nature, the canal and an improvement for livability.

Housing Main principles: Integrating history & fitting amenities

Figure 23: Attractive housing and the largely preserved park behind it create a pleasant atmosphere.

Before: The lot adjacent to the Veerweg is a prime location for development. It is well connected to both the village and the waterside through the Veerweg. There is space to combine the openness of the field, used for events and playing football, with a row of housing while keeping the functionality of the field. After: The lot is redeveloped to accommodate housing. The typologies of housing are aimed at first-home buyers, as in line with the demand shown in our analysis. The row houses are compact in surface area and built out of wood in the same style and with the same material as the houses which were built during the reconstruction after the flood 1953, making a clear yet aesthetically pleasant nod to the village’s history. Tiny houses are used to provide additional housing that is affordable Figure 24: The possible housing units as seen from and fits well within its surroundings due to the above. small surface area.

30

Tunnel Main principles: Integrating history & social innovation Before: The connection between the village and the water is provided by the Veerweg. The tunnel under the Moorseweg disrupts this connection. The perceived safety is not optimal, as there is no lighting within the tunnel and its narrowness hides things happening in the tunnel from the surrounding sight. A feeling of perceived unsafety discourages the use of physical space (Evenson et al., 2012, Foster et al., 2016). With the planned interventions along the Veerweg, the safety of the connection of the Veerweg becomes even more important as more people would be using the Veerweg to move between the canal and the village, as long as the perceived safety is good.

Figure 25: The reworked tunnel is wider and has room for creative artwork that is openly displayed to passers-by.

After: The village and the water are connected through a visible axis that the Veerweg provides. The tunnel is wide and open, increasing the perceived safety and practicality of the tunnel. Wooden poles indicate the water levels during the 1953 flood and functions as street lighting at the same time. This will give a physical indication how high the water reached during this disaster, giving this history a physical platform which will reach to the existing memorial cross nearby the windmill. The local primary school is invited to design and apply artwork to the concrete span to engage the community with this project. This embeds the intervention in the local community.

Future housing on former Sunclass park Main principle: Integrating history & fitting amenities Before: Analysis showed that the former Sunclass recreation park currently has little potential and is likely to become vacant somewhere in the upcoming 5-7 years. Experts like Roompot

31

have already stated their disinterest in investing in this park, both due to its current state and the lack of appeal of the location to recreationists. Additionally, maintaining the current function of the park would require substantial investments (by the current owners) to ensure the buildings would adhere to SNF standards. After: In line with demand for housing from workers in the Randstad area, the Sunclass area is an ideal location for new housing. New housing has an attractive aesthetic that improves the general experience of the area. A historical motif of wooden housing, similar to that of the post-flood emergency housing may add to this character. Next to the former Sunclass park, adequate housing will be provided for the seasonal migrant workers in the area.

Terrace beside the mill Main principles: Integrating history, fitting amenities & social innovation Before: A main cycling route passes by the mill and the Watersnoodramp monument. However, the cafe-restaurant of De Praeter, including a terrace, is located to the right, hidden behind the mill. The terrace is invisible from the road and only found by people that know the area well. In front of the mill, parking space is located, while three more parking locations are in the vicinity. The cafe-restaurant does not make optimal use of the potential customers passing by.

Figure 26: The terrace is located under the mill, as well as right beside the dike and the flood memorial, bringing together several key cultural elements

After: The current parking lot under the windmill will be repurposed as a terrace, which highlights the historical site and strengthens both the identity of the location and creates a pleasant place for social interactions. More attention is drawn to this central place on the axis. Inhabitants, but also cyclists, hikers and people visiting the mill and 1953 flood monument can

32

enjoy a pitstop at the terrace. The terrace is located within sight of its surroundings, drawing people in.

Waterside Main principles: Accessibility of nature, maintenance of public space & fitting amenities Before: The relation between the water and Nieuw-Vossemeer is strong, formerly visible through the attractiveness of the natural swimming pool. The pool was a place where locals met and enjoyed the natural surroundings together. However, the concrete wall of the former pool, the fence which surrounds the area at the moment, and overgrowth make the nature and water feel inaccessible. Moreover, the overgrown nature shields the site from its surroundings and creates an unsafe experience, making the waterside unattractive as a whole. After: There is an open view of the water, which can be enjoyed through several structures. The benches let people to sit down, enjoy the view and watch the boats, while the deck into the water broadens the view left and right onto the canal. The location no longer has the same neglected feeling as before, because of the replacement of the concrete wall, the fence and the maintenance of overgrown nature. The waterside becomes part of a wider network of paths. A new walking path on top of the dike will connect the Zeeweg dike with the Molenweg dike. This path also connects the path on the east side of the campsite and has connections with the new waterside.

Instead of the pool, the waterside now provides users with a pleasant location for social interaction.

Figure 27: The waterside is easily accessible in this design and invites people to take in the view.

Figure 28: The open design allows for a wonderful view of the canal and leaves an impression on visitors.

33

Watchtower Main principles: Integrating history Before: Because of a lack of upkeep over time, Fort Oranje and other nearby forts have disappeared from the area. Historical value is not being emphasized and has no chance to add to the overall experience of the landscape. After: The watchtower combines both the historical aspect of information on the nearby forts and the natural beauty of the area. This watchtower forms a remarkable sight that connects to the historical value of the landscape. It also adds Figure 29: A watchtower combines a historical point of interest with a to the nearby cycling- and hiking pleasing aesthetic that invites people to interact with it. Source: Houthandel Van Dal routes, as passers-by have a new point of interest that draws them to Nieuw-Vossemeer’s surroundings.

The old ferry’s docking point Main principle: Integrating history Before: The end of the Veerweg intersects with the Zeeweg. From this intersection, it is impossible to see the water because the area between this intersection and the canal is overgrown by trees and bushes. The area appears secluded and neglected, creating an unsafe feeling while standing there. After: The replacement of the trees and bushes in line of the development axis and the extension of the axis down to the water provides a marvelous view on the water. A kind nod to the old ferry that used to connect Oud-Vossemeer and Nieuw-Vossemeer is made, in the form of an information board with pictures of the ferry in use.

34

Organizing Bottom-Up Initiatives In the light of the Netherlands moving towards a society of participation, and civilian participation having a huge role in the new Omgevingswet, it is crucial to think about what role an organization such as the village council should play in the future. In our conversations with Leon Havermans of the village council, he indicated that he really liked the village cooperative in Esbeek. The cooperative in Esbeek has very strong ties with governing bodies, and representatives of the province and municipality attend their meetings, giving the cooperative the opportunity to make initiatives become reality. To achieve this in Nieuw-Vossemeer as well, the first step to be taken is to discuss with the municipality what their role should be and what their responsibilities are. While the council and municipality do have a cooperative relationship already (as indicated by both in personal communication), in a world which shifts towards more participation it is crucial that relationships between civilians and governing bodies are clearly defined (During et al, 2013). A key addition to this would be a tool to make well-structured proposals for plans and interventions for bottom-up initiatives. Alongside a clearly defined relationship with the governing bodies, this could make for a streamlined process in making bottom-up initiatives.

While the tool has a main focus on the relationship with governing bodies, the mechanics can be used in negotiations with other stakeholders as well. An example of this could be the Omgevingsfonds of the solar park to be built north of Nieuw-Vossemeer. This fund has indicated to be willing to invest in initiatives increasing livability if the plans are deemed as worthy of the investment. This tool could help to get to such a plan. Finally, this tool gives a well-structured process which could help in communicating towards the other citizens what the village council is working on. This potentially leads to a stronger support base. Input/mandate For the village council to play a role in the future, it is crucial that they have a support base, which they currently do. With this support, the council has a mandate to work as representatives of the village. To ensure this support remains constant, it is key for these bottom-up initiatives to have as broad of a support base as possible. Letting villagers of all walks of life have a say in the matters of the council could be a way to upkeep this connection to and support of the citizens. Village council Figure 30: This flowchart displays the process as The role of the village council should be to act conceptualized in this segment.

as a vocal point of the community and as an organization that can take a leading role in picking up issues or ideas within the community. The village council should create a plan to tackle the issue or a plan to bring the idea to reality. They can do this by involving citizens who are

35

knowledgeable on the matters that are involved in the plan or citizens who are highly enthusiastic for the plan. When a concept plan is formed, it can be taken to the next phase. Assessment Key Criteria When a concept plan is formed, whether or not it complies with the criteria which have been agreed upon with the municipality can be assessed. This evaluation can performed by asking critical questions regarding the criteria. The concept-plan is given a strong foundation, rather than being based solely on an appealing idea. In addition, a good way to test if the plan is well thought-through, a presentation can be given to the citizens of Nieuw-Vossemeer to see if they agree whether or not the criteria have been met. If the village council is convinced the plan meets the criteria, the plan can be sent as a proposal to the municipality. If not, the plan needs to be reevaluated so an updated version or another plan can be assessed at the hand of the mutually agreed criteria. Municipality The proposal now needs to be evaluated by the municipality. This mainly consists of a second assessment at the hand of the criteria. And of course the assessment of financial possibilities. After the municipal evaluation there are two main decisions to be made, the first one would be to give the proposal a go or to give it a no-go.

If given a no-go the proposal is sent back to the village council alongside an explanation for the refusal. The village council can then start to stop the plan altogether or to start the cycle again with an improved plan. If the plan is given a go, the municipality needs to decide whether they want to execute the plan themselves, or if the responsibility of the execution will be delegated to the village council. Projects of a larger scale will most likely be picked up by the municipality, while those smaller in scale can be handled by the village council. Execution by the Village Council If the village Council is given responsibility over the execution it is crucial the council gets the job done and shows it is capable in handling these initiatives. If not, the mutual trust between village council and the municipality could be damaged and as result the municipality could become hesitant to hand projects to the village council in the future. In addition, by letting civilians take responsibility for their own proposals will grant them a feeling of ownership over their own environment (During et al., 2013).

36

Conclusion Nieuw-Vossemeer finds itself faced with a question on how to ensure its livability, both now and in the future. Having had recreational facilities that would draw people to the village in the past, the direct area is now largely devoid of such strong recreational pulls. Financial pressure on other amenities, including the local supermarket, poses a threat to the maintenance of the livability in its current state. This report has appraised relevant factors in Nieuw-Vossemeer and the surrounding area to gain a comprehensive overview of the current situation of the village and both its future possibilities and challenges. The village’s disappearing amenities were pointed out to be an apparent threat to its livability. Additionally, the analysis has pointed out the obstacles in returning attractive, long-distance recreational amenities to the area. Instead, the strengths found in the natural surroundings of the village, as well as the central location between several (large) cities show more potential development to sustain the village’s livability. An array of possible interventions have been proposed, each contributing to the empowerment of one or several principles of livability. These interventions may prove useful as stepping stones towards the enhancement of the image of Nieuw-Vossemeer as an attractive location for housing.

All of this converges in the main research question of this report: “In what way can NieuwVossemeer utilize its strengths and redefine its future in terms of livability?” The village of Nieuw-Vossemeer can utilize its strengths by using the area’s attractive features to bring about a new image of a location of quality housing and natural quiet. The village should utilize what already builds its character and try to be flexible in a time where a national pattern of moving amenities poses questions of future livability of many small villages. By building on its current selling points, rather than by compensating for what it currently lacks, Nieuw-Vossemeer can redefine its own future of livability, and grow into a location full of history, natural charm, and character.

Discussion & recommendation Future mobility A critical remark that has to be made is the important role of mobility in the future of NieuwVossemeer as we see it through the lens of our analysis and the resulting principles and interventions. Mobility plays only a supplementary role in this project, as it is seen as a given context that sets limitations for our designs and interventions. However, this is not the case because of a lack of need to integrate mobility in our future perspective. Our analysis has made clear to us the need for Nieuw-Vossemeer to remain connected to its surroundings in the future, especially if local amenities are under pressure. Losing access to amenities like a local supermarket could have gravely detrimental impacts on the livability of the area for lowmobility groups. Additionally, mobility exists on a scale larger than the scope of our project and would involve a large number of stakeholders like nearby municipalities, public transport organizations, and financial and design consultants. To gain a full understanding of what mobility means to Nieuw-Vossemeer and its future developments, dedicated research is needed.

37

Therefore, as a research group, we propose the village council and the municipality of Steenbergen to cooperate in a project to gain a comprehensive overview of citizen demands for transport, the current offer of transport, and the possibilities for future mobility development. Untreated fields Because of the design focus of this project, several fields of interest were not explored. Should the choice be made to extensively develop the area around Nieuw-Vossemeer, these fields should be considered. Firstly, related to the above segment on mobility, extensive financial analysis was outside of the scope of our project. As a student group, we have no access to the required resources to perform an in-depth financial analysis of municipal spending, development costs and investment scales. Without comprehensive insights on these factors, financial plans cannot be made. Secondly, due to a similar lack of access to in-depth information on environmental and ecological aspects, our designs do not consider directly the less overt weaknesses or strengths of the area. For example, Ecological values like animal habitats were not considered. The old swimming pool may be home to protected species now for example, blocking interventions near the waterside.

In short, it is important to contact and employ relevant professionals should real plans for interventions as proposed in this report be made. A large array of important factors has already been considered in this report, but there may yet be hidden obstructions to certain developments. These possible obstructions merit further, specialized analysis by experts. Theme ‘Planning and designing for places you haven’t been’ Looking back on the theme of 'designing for places you have not been', interesting points have been gained. Literature on the theme points out that four data sources are important to use to create a good image of a landscape; land cover data, aerial photographs, landscape photographs and field observations (Ode, et al. 2010). In our project we had good access to cover data, decent aerial photographs through Google Maps, as well as some landscape photographs and videos with help of the village council. However, the element of field observations is interesting. Three of the four group members have been on site and have been able to personally experience the project area. In group conversations, it became clear that there were some differences in understanding of the project area between the three members that had visited the area, and the one that had not.

Though not extremely problematic in our case, there are certainly obstacles to designing for locations the designers themselves have never been. Misconceptions like locations of subjects and experiences of specific locations are quite likely to occur and can certainly prove problematic.

38

References 4681.nl (2019). Over Nieuw-Vossemeer. Retrieved 25-06-2020, from: https://4681.nl/pages/dorp/over-nieuw-vossemeer.php Aalvanger, A., & Beunen, R. (2011). Dorpsidentiteit: Op zoek naar eenheid in verscheidenheid: vijf methoden waarmee dorpsbewoners hun dorpsidentiteit expliciet kunnen maken (No. 275). Wageningen UR, Wetenschapswinkel. Adams, M.A., Ryan, S., Kerr, J., Sallis, J.F., Patrick, K., Frank, L.D., Norman, G.J. (2006) Validation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale (NEWS) items using geographic information systems. In Journal Physical Activity & Health, 6, pp. S113-S123 Allecijfers.nl (2019). Informatie Wijk 04 Nieuw Vossemeer. Retrieved 21-06-2020, from: https://allecijfers.nl/wijk/wijk-04-nieuw-vossemeer-steenbergen/ Bakker, W., Hu, M., Wittkämper, L. (2018). RIGO Research en Advies. Ouderenmonitor 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.rigo.nl/wpcontent/uploads/2018/05/Ouderenmonitor2018_RIGO.pdf Balsas, C. J. L. (2004). Measuring the livability of an urban centre: an exploratory study of key performance indicators. In Planning Practice & Research, 19 (1), 101-110. BHIC.nl(2019). Het veer Nieuw-Vossemeer - Oud-Vossemeer. Retrieved 25-06-2020, from: https://www.bhic.nl/ontdekken/verhalen/het-veer-nieuw-vossemeer-oud-vossemeer BN de Stem. (2016, june 23). Natuurbad De Eendracht in Nieuw-Vossemeer sluit.

Retrieved from: https://www.bndestem.nl/nieuws/natuurbad-de-eendracht-in-nieuw-vossemeersluit~a365134f/?referrer=https://www.google.com/ Brey, E. T., & Lehto, X. Y. (2007). The relationship between daily and vacation activities. Annals of tourism Research, 34(1), 160-180. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. (2020, March 2). Minder traditionele criminaliteit in alle delen van Nederland. Retrieved 02-07-2020, from: https://www.cbs.nl/nlnl/nieuws/2020/10/minder-traditionele-criminaliteit-in-alle-delen-van-nederland Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (2019). Deel 2 van het Trendrapport toerisme, recreatie en vrije tijd 2019. Auteur. Retrieved from: https://www.cbs.nl/nlnl/publicatie/2019/48/trendrapport-toerisme-recreatie-en-vrije-tijd-2019 Centraal bureau voor de Statistiek (2016). Huishoudensprognose: jongeren en ouderen langer thuis. Retrieved from: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/achtergrond/2016/24/huishoudensprognose-jongeren-en-ouderenlanger-thuis

39

CELTH. (2015). Toekomst van de vaste gast. Auteur. Retrieved from: https://www.gelderland.nl/bestanden/Documenten/Gelderland/06Werk-enondernemen/161202_Toekomst_van_de_vaste_gast.pdf During, R. (2013). Sociale innovatie als veelbelovend concept in krimpregio's. Syscope Magazine, 2013(31), 27-30. During, R., Bock, B., Van Dam, R., Donders, J., Kruit, J., Pleijte, M., De Witte, D. (2018). Leefbaarheidsinitiatieven op het platteland Analyse van eigenheid en eigenaarschap. Wageningen University and Research. Retrieved from: https://kennisopenbaarbestuur.nl/media/256172/leefbaarheidsinitiatieven-op-hetplatteland.pdf Dynamic Concepts Consultancy Eindhoven . (2017). REGIO WEST-BRABANT BIJDRAGEPOTENTIE VTE SECTOR. Retrieved from: https://www.westbrabant.eu/downloads/2-8-17-Def-Rapportage-groeipotentie-VTE-West-Brabant.pdf

Evenson, K.R., Block, R., Roux, A.V.D., McGinn, A.P., Wen, F., Rodríguez D.A. (2012). Associations of adult physical activity with perceived safety and police-recorded crime: the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis International. In Journal Behavrioal Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 (2012), p. 146 Fontein, R. J., de Boer, T. A., Breman, B. C., Goossen, C. M., Henkens, R. J. H. G., Luttik, J., & de Vries, S. (2009). Relatie recreatie en natuur: achtergronddocument bij Natuurbalans, 2009 (No. 160). Wettelijke Onderzoekstaken Natuur & Milieu. Foster, S., Hooper, P., Knuiman M., Christian H., Bull F., Giles-Corti B. (2016). Safe RESIDential Environments? A longitudinal analysis of the influence of crime-related safety on walking. Int J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 13 (2016), p. 22 Gebiedscommissie Brabantse Delta, Provincie Noord-Brabant, De Brabantse Wal, Rijkswaterstaat, SBB, Dorpsraad Nieuw-Vossemeer, & Van Meel VOF. (2015). Door de boezem van de Eendracht. Gemeente Steenbergen. Retrieved from: https://www.vvvbrabantsewal.nl/-/media/images/vvv/brabantse-wal/wandelroutes/ommetjein-de-boezem-van-de-eendracht-nieuw-vossemeer.pdf?la=nl Gies, E., Nieuwenhuizen, W. (2017). Wageningen Environmental Research. Rivierenland Leeft! Retrieved from: https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/403847 Gough, M. Z. (2015).

Reconciling Livability and Sustainability: Conceptual and Practical Implications for Planning. In Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35 (2), p. 145160. Hall, C. H., Müller, D. (2004). Tourism, Mobility, and Second Homes: Between Elite Landscape and Common Ground.

40

Hartig, T., R. Mitchell, S. Vries, S. H. de; Frumkin, 2014. Nature and Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, p. 207-228. Heuvel, van den N. (2018). Van Nuland & Partners. Sunclasspark, Nieuw-Vossemeer. Retrieved from: https://raad.gemeente-steenbergen.nl/Vergaderingen/Beeldvormende-vergadering/2019/15april/19:30/04A-Bijlage-rapportage-Sunclasspark-BM1900861-1.pdf Jansen, A. (2019, 6 april). Eigenaren willen en kunnen investeren in Sunclass. Retrieved from: https://www.bndestem.nl/bergen-op-zoom/eigenaren-willen-en-kunnen-investeren-insunclass~af2af429/ Jansen-Verbeke, M. (2003). Toerisme, recreatie en vrije tijd in de stad. De eeuw van de stad. Janssen, J., Luiten, E., Renes, H. & Rouwendal, J. (2013). Oude sporen in een nieuwe eeuw: De uitdaging na Belvedere, Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Jansson, M., Fors, H., Lindgren, T., Wiström, B. Perceived personal safety in relation to urban woodland vegetation - a review. In Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (2013), pp. 127-133 Klemm, W., Heusinkveld, B. G., Lenzholzer, S., & van Hove, B. (2015). Street greenery and its physical and psychological impact on thermal comfort. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.009 Kuhlman, J. W., de Blaeij, A. T., de Hoop, J. G., Michels, R., Smit, A. B., & Vogelzang, T. A. (2012).

Landbouw en recreatie in krimpregio's: knelpunten en kansen. LEI, onderdeel van Wageningen UR. Lengkeek, J. (1996). On the multiple realities of leisure; a phenomenological approach to the otherness of leisure. Loisir et société/Society and Leisure, 19 (1), p. 23-40. Meerburg, B. G., & Korevaar, H. (2009). Ecologisch beheer van de publieke ruimte: mogelijkheden voor natuurtechnisch dijk-, slootkant-en wegbermbeheer, toegespitst op de Hoeksche Waard (No. 280). Plant Research International.

Miller, H. J., Witlox, F., Tribby, C. P. (2013). Developing context-sensitive livability indicators for transportation planning: a measurement framework. In Journal of Transport Geography 26, p. 51-64. Maruthaveeran, S., van den Bosh, C.K. (2015). Fear of crime in urban parks – what the residents of Kuala Lumpur have to say? In Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14 (2015), pp. 702-713 Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. (2015). Leefbaarometer. Retrieved 02-07-2020, from: https://www.leefbaarometer.nl/page/leefbaarometer

41

Niessing, L. (2017). Speelruimte in krimpregio's. Het ervaren belang van centrale buurtplekken in krimpregio's. Retrieved from: https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/4475 Ode, Å., Tveit, M. S., & Fry, G. (2010). Advantages of using different data sources in assessment of landscape change and its effect on visual scale. Ecological indicators, 10(1), 24-31.

Ouhajji, M. (2017, 13 november). De toekomst van Sunclass in Nieuw-Vossemeer in vier meningen. BN DeStem. Retrieved from: https://www.bndestem.nl/bergen-op-zoom/detoekomst-van-sunclass-in-nieuw-vossemeer-in-vier-meningen~a1fb659a/ P10 (2019). Zonder Platteland Geen Leefbaarheid. Retrieved from: https://www.wur.nl/upload_mm/4/1/2/341d0880-6f8b-4c86-82698c15bee623b9_P10_Vijfpuntenplan_leefbaarheid.pdf Peppelaar, M. (2020, 13 januari).Visie voor toeristische hotspot Sunclass in NieuwVossemeer. BN DeStem. Retrieved from: https://www.bndestem.nl/bergen-op-zoom/visievoor-toeristische-hotspot-sunclass-in-nieuw-vossemeer~ad9c6722/ Russell, R. V. (1990). Recreation and quality of life in old age: A causal analysis. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9(1), 77-90. Ruth, M., Franklin, R. S. (2014). Applied Geography (49, p. 18-23). Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622813002324?casa_token=1Ewsw 1hUvDwAAAAA:0ABI0tuW9I1ZoC2fintEv0Hw_s5z8EXJRzLYhevPacic2XfKbKE1CyyTEfVJ GMkr-vMs3LqSqC8 RTL Nieuws. (2019, 23 december). Politie ziet 10 misdrijven in eerste 9 maanden van 2019 in Nieuw-Vossemeer. Retrieved 02-07-2020, from: https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/zoek-hetop/datavisualisatie/2019-criminaliteit-misdrijf-inbraak-drugs-wapens-politieveiligheid/77427497a14249e4c07e44f27d1bcdef/nieuw-vossemeer Smith, S. L., & Godbey, G. C. (1991). Leisure, recreation and tourism.

Annals of Tourism Research, 18(1), 85-100. Steenbekkers, A., Vermeij, L., & van Houwelingen, P. (2017). Dorpsleven tussen stad en land: Slotpublicatie Sociale Staat van het Platteland. Retrieved from: https://www.binnenlandsbestuur.nl/Uploads/2017/3/Dorpsleven-tussen-stad-en-landWEB.pdf Thissen, F., & Loopmans, M. (2013). Dorpen in verandering. Rooilijn, 46(2), 80–89. Retrieved from: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1739173?limo=0 Tjoonk, S. (2013). Sturen of steunen? Een analyse van overheidsbeleid, krimpproblematiek en hun effecten op de leefbaarheid in Noordoost Groningen, Stadsregio Parkstad Limburg en de Achterhoek.

42

Troped, P.J., Saunders, R.P., Pate, R.R., Reininger, B., Addy, C.L. (2003) Correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity among adults in a New England community. In Preventative Medicine, 37, pp. 304-310 Veer, M., & van Middelkoop, M. (2002). Mensen en de natuur: recreatief gebruik van natuur en landschap (No. 2002/05$ A310). Stichting Recreatie, Kennis-en Innovatiecentrum. Verweij, A. (2006). Leefbaarheid, op het snijvlak van sociaal en Fysiek. Ministerie voor Wonen, wijken en Integratie directie Kennis en Verkenningen. Retrieved from: https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/rest/cms/publicaties/leefbaarheid,_op_het_snijvlak_van_ sociaal_en_fysiek-tekst.pdf Watersnoodmuseum (z.d.). Noorse houten geschenkwoningen. Retrieved 03-07-2020, from: https://watersnoodmuseum.nl/kennisbank/geschenkwoningen/ Weetmeer.nl(2019). Huizen in Nieuw-Vossemeer. Retrieved 02-07-2020, from: http://www.weetmeer.nl/buurt/Steenbergen/Nieuw-Vossemeer/08510400 Zuiderwaterlinie Noord-Brabant. (n.d.). De oudste en langste waterlinie. Retrieved from https://www.zuiderwaterlinie.nl/

43