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Emissions of the Marella Discovery

Emissions of the Marella Discovery

This report was prepared by: Jasper Faber Delft, CE Delft, April 2021 Publication code: 21.210101.064 Shipping / Ports / Emissions / Fuels / Engines Client: De heer P. (Paul) Alberts Publications of CE Delft are available from www.cedelft.eu Further information on this study can be obtained from the contact person Jasper Faber (CE Delft) © copyright, CE Delft, Delft

CE Delft Committed to the Environment Through its independent research and consultancy work CE Delft is helping build a sustainable world. In the fields of energy, transport and resources our expertise is leading-edge. With our wealth of know-how on technologies, policies and economic issues we support government agencies, NGOs and industries in pursuit of structural change. For 40 years now, the skills and enthusiasm of CE Delft’s staff have been devoted to achieving this mission.

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

Content Samenvatting

3

1

Introduction

4

2

Ship and engine details

5

3

Fuel data and emission factors

6

4

Expected ship emissions

7

5

Comparison with traffic emissions

8

A

E-mail Omgevingsdienst Noordzeekanaalgebied

10

B

Emissions with different fuels and engine loads

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

Samenvatting De Marella Discovery ligt sinds 17 maart 2021 in de Damen werf in Amsterdam. Foto’s van omwonenden laten zien dat het schip in de eerste dagen opvallend zwarte rook uitstootte. Dit zou het gevolg kunnen zijn van plotselinge veranderingen in motorvermogens, van motorproblemen, van storingen in de rookgasreiniging, of van andere oorzaken. Recentelijk is de uitstoot afgenomen. Op verzoek van omwonenden berekent dit rapport hoe groot de uitstoot van kooldioxide (CO2), stikstofoxiden (NOx), zwaveloxiden (SOx) en fijnstof (PM) van de Marella Discovery kan zijn. De geschatte dagelijkse uitstoot van NOx staat gelijk aan de uitstoot van 31.000 extra vrachtwagens die een volle ronde op de ring A10 per dag rijden, of 370.000 personenauto’s. De PM10-uitstoot staat gelijk aan de uitstoot van 12.000 extra vrachtwagens die een volle ronde van de A10 rijden per dag of 52.000 personenauto’s.

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

1 Introduction The Marella Discovery is a cruise ship which is currently moored at Shipyard Damen in Amsterdam North. According to AIS websites, she has been in dock at the shipyard since the 17th of March 2021. Since that moment, smoke has been visible from the funnel which can be smelled in the distant environment (see Figure 1). According to the Omgevingsdienst Noordzeekanaalgebied, the ships was using clean fuel, presumably marine gasoil (MGO) and the smoke was due to the low engine load (see Annex A). Residents of Amsterdam North have asked CE Delft to calculate the ship emissions and to compare these emissions with the traffic emission of Amsterdam. CO2, SOx, NOx and PM10 emissions will be compared. In line with the information provided by the Omgevingsdienst Noordzeekanaalgebied, we have assumed that the ship uses MGO. However, it is unusual for ships running on MGO to have visible smoke. Figure 1 gives the impression that the exhaust gas cleaning system, with which the Marella Discovery is equipped, was either turned off or not functioning well, while heavy fuel oil were used. Normally, black smoke is not emitted when ships are using distillate fuels or when the EGCS is functioning properly, unless the engine power is ramped up quickly. In that case, the smoke will quickly become colourless after the engine power has reached its constant level.

Figure 1 - Marella Discovery at Shipyard Damen

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

2 Ship and engine details Table 1 provide information regarding the ship details and Table 2 provide information regarding the engine details. Table 1 - Ship details Ship details Ship name

Marella Discovery

IMO number

9070632

Built

1996

Propulsion

Diesel Electric

Engine type

Five diesel generators

Scrubber system

Five open-loop scrubber systems – installed in 2021

Current number of persons on board

109

Maximum number of persons on board (crew + passengers)

2,794

Current occupancy rate (%)

3.9%

Source: (Alberts 2021, Clarkson Research Portal 2021).

Table 2 - Engine details Engine details Engine type

Wartsila 12V46

Cylinder output

1,200 kW

Number of cylinders

12

Total power per engine

14,400 kW

Speed

600 rpm

Number of engines

5

Total ship power

72,000 kW

Source: (Wärtsila 2020).

The Marella Discovery is currently in dock and has 109 people on board which equals an occupancy rate of 3.9%. We therefore expect the ship to require little power at the moment. Since we do not exactly know the required and used amount of power, we have calculated the amount of emission for 5, 10 and 15% of the total ship power. Just one diesel generator is necessary for these three assumed required power options, which also means that we assume that the other four generators are not being used. Table 3 shows the required power, the required engine load and the specific fuel oil consumption (SFOC) of the three options. Table 3 - Required power, engine load and SFOC for 5, 10 and 15% share of the total ship power Share of total ship power

Total required engine power

Required engine load (1 engine necessary)

SFOC HFO (g/kWh)

SFOC MGO (g/kWh)

5%

3,600 kW

25%

204.2

204.1

10%

7,200 kW

50%

194.1

195.0

15%

10,800 kW

75%

184.0

185.9

Source: (Wärtsila 2020).

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

3 Fuel data and emission factors Table 4 provide the global average fuel Sulphur content in percentage per year, Table 5 the fuel costs and Table 6 the corresponding emission factors. Table 4 - Average fuel sulphur content in percentage per year Fuel type

Global average fuel sulphur content in % per year

HFO

2.60

MGO

0.07

Source: (IMO 2020).

Table 5 - Fuel costs at 21/04/2021 Fuel type

Fuel costs in Rotterdam ($/mt)

Global average fuel costs ($/mt)

HFO

378.50

399.00

MGO

528.00

573.50

Source: (Ship & Bunker 2021).

Table 6 - Emission factors for marine fuels Emission type

HFO

MGO

Unit

NOx

12.52

12.52

g NOx/kWh

SOx

0.0508

0.0014

g SOx/ g fuel

PM10

1.39

0.18

g PM10/kWh

CO2

3.114

3.206

g CO2/g fuel

Source: (IMO 2020).

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

4 Expected ship emissions Table 7 shows the expected fuel consumption and emissions in the event that 10% of the total ship power will be used. The fuel costs would then amount to about USD 20,000 per day. Table 7 - Estimated fuel consumption and emissions in the event that 5% of the total ship power is used Fuel type MGO

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Fuel consumption (tonne/day)

NOx (kg/day)

SOx (kg/day)

PM10 (kg/day)

CO2 (tonne/day)

34

2,200

47

31

110

210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

5 Comparison with traffic emissions To compare the emissions of the Marella Discovery in dock with the traffic emissions in Amsterdam, we have calculated the emissions of a car and a heavy duty vehicle driving one full lap of the A10 ringway (32 kilometers at 80 kilometers per hour), using the standard Dutch emission factors. The emission factors for a car and a heavy duty vehicle (> 20 ton) at the highway in 2021 are shown in Table 8. Table 8 – Emissions of a car and a heavy duty vehicle per km in 2021 NOx (g/km)

PM10 (g/km)

Car on highway, at 80 km/h in 2021

0.184

0.019

Heavy road traffic (> 20 ton) highway, at 80 km/h in 2021

5.719

0.151

Source: (Rijksoverheid 2021).

These emission factors mean that if the Marella Discovery uses 10% of her engine power, she emits the equivalent amount of NOx of 30,000 trucks per day driving one full lap of the A10, or 370,000 cars. She emits an amount of PM10 which is equivalent to 12,000 truck laps on the A10 per day or 52,000 car laps. It is important to realize that the harmfulness of air polluting emissions is not constant, but depends on the height and location of the released emissions. For example, emissions in densely populated areas are generally more harmful than emission in sparsely populated areas, especially when it comes to emission that occur close to the grounds, such as cities. The air polluting emissions from sea going vessels, where emission release by the funnels take place at a height of a few meters will therefore be less harmful than from road traffic. CE Delft (2021) provide a first indicative estimate for the differences in harmfulness of particulate matter.

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

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Literatuur Alberts, P. (2021). Ship details, private communication. CE Delft. CE Delft (2020). Nulmeting CO2-uitstoot mobiliteit Noord-Holland en Flevoland. Delft, CE Delft. CE Delft (2021). Toelichting gebruik milieuprijzen in tool Schone Luchtakkoord - Voor de Specifieke Uitkering. Clarkson Research Portal (2021). "World Fleet Register." Retrieved April, 2021. IMO (2020). Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020. London, International Maritime Organization (IMO). INFRAS (2021). "Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) : Truck emissions." 2021, from https://www.hbefa.net/e/index.html. Rijksoverheid (2021). "Emissiefactoren voor snelwegen en niet-snelwegen." Retrieved April, 2021, from https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/luchtkwaliteit/documenten/publicaties/2021/ 03/15/emissiefactoren-voor-snelwegen-en-niet-snelwegen-2021. Ship & Bunker (2021). "Bunker Prices." Retrieved April, 2021, from https://shipandbunker.com/prices/emea/nwe/nl-rtm-rotterdam#MGO. Wärtsila (2020). "Wartsila 46F - Product Guide." Retrieved April, 2021, from https://www.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/product-files/engines/ms-engine/productguide-o-ew46f.pdf?utm_source=engines&utm_medium=dieselengines&utm_term=w46f&utm_content= productguide&utm_campaign=msleadscoring.

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

A E-mail Omgevingsdienst Noordzeekanaalgebied

Beste heer Alberts, We hebben uw melding van overlast behandeld. De oorzaak van de overlast die u heeft gemeld, is bekend. Het schip kan niet op de walstroom worden aangesloten, omdat het teveel vermogen vraagt. Het schip draait op schone brandstof, dus niet op stookolie. Het kan zijn dat de rookvorming ontstaat doordat de motor niet op vol vermogen draait, omdat er minder vermogen nodig is en dat hierdoor meer rookontwikkeling ontstaat. Hiermee sluiten we de melding met zaaknummer 10261695 af. Met vriendelijke groet, Martin van Leuven Omgevingsdienst Noordzeekanaalgebied

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210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

B Emissions with different fuels and engine loads Table 9 shows the expected fuel consumption and emissions in the event that 10% of the total ship power will be used. Calculations are made for both HFO and MGO as fuel type. The same information is provided in Table 10 and Table 11 for respectively 10 and 15% of the total ship power. Table 9 - Estimated fuel consumption and emissions in the event that 5% of the total ship power is used Fuel type

Fuel consumption (kg/hour)

NOx (kg/hour)

SOx (kg/hour)

PM10 (kg/hour)

CO2 (kg/hour)

HFO

740

MGO

740

50

40

5.0

2,300

50

1.0

1.0

2,400

Table 10 - Estimated fuel consumption and emissions in the event that 10% of the total ship power is used Fuel type

Fuel consumption (kg/hour)

NOx (kg/hour)

HFO

1,400

90

MGO

1,400

90

SOx (kg/hour)

PM10 (kg/hour)

CO2 (kg/hour)

70

10

4,400

2.0

1.0

4,500

Table 11 - Estimated fuel consumption and emissions in the event that 15% of the total ship power is used Fuel type

11

Fuel consumption (kg/hour)

NOx (kg/hour)

SOx (kg/hour)

HFO

2,000

140

MGO

2,000

140

210101 - Emissions of the Marella Discovery – April 2021

PM10 (kg/hour)

CO2 (kg/hour)

100

20

6,200

3.0

2.0

6,400