RIS321186 Fast Fashion, snel eruit! bijlage 5

(a) Textiles should be used and reused as long as possible before they end up in landfills. The textile waste minimization also reduces the release of fiber fragments from landfills (b) Textiles should be recycled as much as possible [161]. New fibers can be produced from textile waste by suitable tech11

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nics: 100% cellulose waste can be dissolved in a suitable solvent (e.g., N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide [162,163], 7-Methyl1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec–5-enium Acetate [164]) and wetspun into new fibers. 100% thermoplastic polyester can also be recycled and melt-spun into new fiber. This will promote sustainability in the textile industry which is currently at a low level. (c) Bio-based fibers from renewable resources should be promoted over oil-based synthetic fibers. Bio-based cellulosic fibers such as cotton, viscose rayon, Lyocell and non-cellulosic fibers like poly lactic acid (PLA) are biodegradable; thus, they degrade in the environment much faster than synthetic fibers such as polyester [165,166]. (d) Textiles should be washed under milder conditions with less mechanical agitation. Any washing parameter (e.g., temperature, pH, rotational speed, and duration) that increases the degradation and breakage of fibers during laundry should be optimized based on the best overall criteria of maximizing the detergency efficiency and minimizing the release of fiber fragments. By increasing the environmental awareness of consumers, companies will certainly invest in producing new washing technologies with better performance and a lower environmental footprint [167].

(e) Several mechanical finishing methods (e.g., compacting, sanforizing, calendering) and chemical finishing treatments (e.g., easy-care, shrink-proof, coating, laminating) can reduce the release of fabric fragments from fabricated garments in washing and drying cycles. (f) Environmentally friendly textile coloration and finishing processes should be adapted and persistent chemicals should be omitted/banned from the textile treatments [168,169]. (g) In addition, the awareness programs in public consumers, educational programmes for school to university level can play a vital role in the reduction of fiber fragments emission.

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Consumer purchasing behavior strongly influences the mitigation of fiber fragments. Current consumption patterns lead to environmental damage, and it would be health hazards for us and our future generations. To some extent, the green purchasing behavior could reduce the mitigation of fiber fragments. Green purchasing behavior involves procuring of sustainable textile and garments, as it depends on socioeconomic, eco-friendly attributes. Consumers should involve in green purchasing attitudes and keen to aware the mitigation fiber fragments due to the domestic washing processes. Meanwhile, brands should also increase awareness on the mitigation of fiber fragments versus fabric types, as it is advised to provide the warning messages on each garment made from fleece, fuzz, pile fabrics. Reduction of microplastic generation is feasible only by global partnership of research organization, industry, states to achieve the specific goal, as it described in the SDGs 17 (partnership for the goals). Achieving the specific SDGs require collaborative efforts which scale up initiatives that accelerate progress towards the achievement of the goals on a global scale. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] J.G.B.

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