RIS318170 Bijlage ClimateActionPlan TheHague

2030

The Hague

Climate City Contract

2028

2030 Climate Action Plan 2026

2024

2024 - The Hague

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Climate City Contract - Climate Action Plan

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Climate Action Plan City of The Hague Table of Contents 1

Introduction

13

6

1.1 Work Process

17

6.1 Sustainable Procurement

147

2

Our Emissions 

19

6.2 Greening Our Fleet 

147

2.1 Geographical Boundaries

20

6.3 Saving Energy: Greening Our Buildings

148

2.2 Scope 

21

6.4 Monitoring: the CO2 Performance Ladder 

148

2.3 Limitations of Our Monitoring

22

6.5 CO2 Compensation as a Lever

150

2.4 Our Current Emissions

23

7

Governance Innovation

151

2.5 Our Emissions Gap

28

7.1 Current Governance Structure

152

2.6 Residual Emissions 

30

7.2 Governance Innovation Priorities

153

3

31

7.3 Overview of Governance Innovation Interventions 

157

161

The Hague’s Policy Context

Sustainability within the Municipality of The Hague

3.1 Current Policy Context

32

8

3.2 Policy Gaps 

51

8.1 Current Social Innovation Efforts 

162

4

53

8.2 Overview of Social Innovation Interventions

166

9

169

Barriers and Opportunities 

4.1 Main Barriers and Opportunities from a Local Perspective 

55

4.2 Main Barriers and Opportunities from a Shared Mission City Perspective 

67

5

Our Impact Pathways

71

5.1 Logic behind the Impact Pathways 

72

5.2 Energy Transition

76

5.3 Sustainable Mobility

96

5.4 Circular Economy 

119

5.5 Indicators 

126

2024 - The Hague

Social Innovation 

145

Next Steps 

Annex I

171

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Summary This Climate Action Plan (CAP) analyses the

large employers, other governments, knowledge

form a current mode of doing things to a more

consisting of 672 buildings, and annual

current and planned sustainability actions of

partners, and residents to make the city more

sustainable mode of doing things) were iden-

spending in the city amounts to about one

the City of The Hague. Home to over 560.000

sustainable. Many of these collaborations have

tified. Every impact pathway is supported by a

billion euro. Because of this, the municipality

residents, a number prognosed to grow to over

existed for years, though they are typically bi- or

portfolio of (planned) actions.

of the Hague is working on becoming climate-

600.000 by 2030, the Hague has the ambition to

trilateral. To further develop collaboration and

be climate-neutral by 2030 while also catering

co-creation on sustainability, the local adminis-

Leefomgeving tration has organised a series of climate round (Milieu en biodiversiteit)

Duurzame mobiliteit

to the needs of current and future residents.

tables between April 2023 and April 2024,

neutral by 2030 as well by electrifying the Though all climate action is relevant, prioritimunicipal fleet, improving the energy efficiency Klimaat-energie

Circulair beperken grondstofgebruik

sation is important too. Each Field of Action

of municipal buildings, and developing high

has a corresponding strategic priority with

sustainability standards for procurement.

For the last few years, The Hague’s CO2

resulting in the April 10 launch of the Haags

the potential to significantly impact local CO2

The Hague is also home to a wide variety of

emissions have declined. In 2022, The city’s

Klimaatakkoord (HKA), which gathers 40 plans

emissions:

innovative action. On governance innovation,

emissions – using the 100CNSC guidelines by

to collaborate on sustainability made between

focusing on scope 1 and 2 (and 3 of the domain

a total of about 160 different parties in the city.

waste) amounted to 1.534.973 ton CO2. Most of

the Haags Klimaatakkoord and our work on Strategic priority 1: Retrofitting Homes to Stop

developing a climate dashboard that allows

Using Natural Gas (Energy Transition)

us to monitor, evaluate, and build scenarios

these emissions stem from energy use in the

This CAP also analyses the currently existing

built environment. To be climate-neutral in line

plans on sustainability. The City of the Hague

Strategic priority 2: Zero Emission Zone

On social innovation, The Hague currently

with the 100CNSC definition of this term, our

identifies four Fields of Action: energy tran-

(Sustainable Mobility and Sustainable Built

implements a new city-wide communications

emissions need to be reduced to a maximum of

sition, sustainable mobility, circular economy,

Environment)

approach on sustainability called ‘Groen bezig’

414.045 ton CO2 by 2030.

and sustainable built environment. Based

for sustainability are of particular importance.

that makes green choices accessible to everyone

on the three Fields of Action related to CO2

Strategic priority 3: Circular Construction

in the city and aims to normalise sustainable

To reach our ambition, further climate action is

reduction – energy transition, sustainable

(Circular Economy)

actions and also innovates with the potential

needed. This is why the City of The Hague has

mobility, and circular economy – a total of 16

ambitious plans and goals on sustainability.

subsectors (specific areas of impact within

The municipality is not alone in this but collabo-

a Field of Action) with 26 impact pathways

rates with a wide variety of stakeholders such as

(pathways for the realisation of a specific shift

Diversiteit en inclusie

Sociaal Inkopen

of smart solutions for engagement and partici-

Keten- en Internationale MKB vriendelijk inkopen The local administration is a highly important pation on sustainability. Sociale Voorwaarden party in the city itself as well. It employs about

12.000 people, has a real estate portfolio

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List of Figures FigurePage

Table 12: Overarching barriers and opportunities for sustainability action in The Hague 

55

Table 13: Barriers and Opportunities for Field of Action Energy Transition 

58

Table 14: Barriers and Opportunities for Field of Action Sustainable Mobility

61

Table 15: Barriers and Opportunities for Field of Action Circular Economy

66

Table 16: Overview of Impact Pathways (shifts) per Field of Action

75

Table 17: Subsector District Heating: Impact pathways 1-3

77

Table 18: Action portfolios for impact pathways 1 -3

81

Table 19: Subsector Heat Pumps, Impact Pathway 4 

83

Table 20: Portfolio of actions impact pathway 4

83

Figure 1: Cleaning up the beach on Scheveningen with Project BeachBot

14

Figure 2: CO2 emissions in the City of The Hague per emission sector from 2018 to 2022

15

Figure 3: NZC Climate Transition Map

18

Figure 4: Map of the City of The Hague

20

Figure 5: Graph of Co2 emissions in the City of The Hague in 2022

25

Figure 6: Graph of BAU scenario for CO2 reduction until 2030 based on average reduction rates ­between 2018 and 2022

28

Table 21: Subsector electricity impact pathways 5-7

85

Figure 7: Promotional image for The Hague Rooftop Programme

54

Table 22: Action portfolios impact pathways 5-7

87

Figure 8: Bikelane with green buffer in The Hague

72

Table 23: Subsector energy efficiency housing impact pathways 8-9

90

Figure 9: Shifting from activities that fulfil the same human need in a different way

73

Table 24: Action portfolios impact pathways 8-9

91

Figure 10: Activity shifts can reduce emissions over time and are the core of the impact pathways

74

Table 25: Subsector energy efficiency built environment other than housing impact pathways 10-11

93

Figure 12: Heat stress map of the city centre of The Hague - Binnen- and Buitenhof

141

Table 26: Action portfolios impact pathways 10-11

93

Figure 13: Solar rooftop of theatre ‘De Regentes’ with skyline of The Hague on the background

146

Table 27: Subsector public transportation impact pathways 12-14

97

Figure 14: CO2 Performance ladder

148

Table 28: Action portfolios impact pathways 12-14

99

Figure 15: Discussions during a climate round table event on November 28 2023 

152

Table 29: Subsector biking impact pathway 15

101

Figure 16: Artistic Impression of the Haagse Klimaattafel Process

155

Table 30: Action portfolio impact pathway 15

101

Figure 17: Primary school children at the pop-up climate museum during the 2023 The Hague Climate Week 162

Table 31: Subsector walking impact pathway 16

103

Figure 18: Groen bezig logo

162

Table 32: Portfolio of actions for impact pathway 16

103

Figure 19: Poster promoting gasless cooking in Groen bezig style in The Hague’s public space 

163

Table 33: Subsector electrification mobility on land impact pathways 17-20

105

Table 34: Action portfolios for impact pathways 17-20

107

Table 35: Subsector smart mobility impact pathway 21

109

Table 36: Action portfolio for impact pathway 21

109

Table 37: Subsector smart logistics impact pathway 22 

111

Table 38: Action portfolio for impact pathway 22

111

Table 39: Subsector efficient car use impact pathway 23

113

List of Tables TablePage Table 1: Overview of sectors, sources and categories in- and excluded in the 100CNSC GHG monitoring

22

Table 40: Action portfolio for impact pathway 23

113

Table 2: Final energy use by source sectors (2018)

24

Table 41: Subsector efficient car use impact pathway 24

116

Table 3: Final energy use by source sectors (2022)

24

Table 42: Action portfolio for impact pathway 24

116

Table 4: Emission factors applied

26

Table 43: Subsector circular construction impact pathway 25

119

Table 5: Activity by source sectors

26

Table 44: Action portfolio for impact pathway 25

119

Table 6: CO2 emissions by source sectors (2018)

27

Table 45: Subsector household waste impact pathway 26

121

Table 7: CO2 emissions by source sectors (2022)

27

Table 46: Action portfolio impact pathway 26

121

Table 8: Emissions Gap

29

Table 47: Subsector circular manufacturing industry impact impact pathway 27

124

Table 9: International and European Climate-related Policies and Strategies 

34

Table 48: Action portfolio for impact pathway 27

124

Table 10: National, Provincial, and Regional Climate-related Policies and Strategies

37

Table 49: Enabling organisational and governance interventions

157

Table 11: Local Climate-related Policies and Strategies

41

Table 50: Enabling social innovation interventions

166

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviations and acronyms

Definition

MEL

Monitoring, evaluating, and learning

MRDH

Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag /Region Metropol Rotterdam The Hague

MVOI

Actieplan Maatschappelijk Verantwoord Opdrachtgeven en Inkopen / Action Plan Sustainable Commissioning and Procurement

MWh

Megawatt hour

NSS

Nationale Samenwerkingsstructuur / National Collaboration Structure

NZC

NetZeroCities

Abbreviations and acronyms

Definition

100CNSC

100 Climate Neutral and Smart Cities by 2030

AFOLU

Agriculture, forestry and other land use

BAU

Business as Usual

BZK

Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties / Ministry of Interior and Kingdom Relations

CAP

Climate Action Plan

PBL

Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving / Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency

CBS

Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek/Central Bureau for Statistics

PV

Photo Voltaic

CCC

Climate City Contract

RES

Renewable Energy Sources

CCS

Carbon Capture and Storage

RIVM

CIP

Climate Investment Plan

Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu/National Institute for Public health and the Environment

CROW

Centrum voor Regelgeving en Onderzoek in de Grond-, Water- en Wegenbouw en de Verkeerstechniek / Agency advising Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management

RVO

Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland / Netherlands Enterprise Agency

RWD

Rijksdienst voor het Wegverkeer / The Netherlands Vehicle Authority

CVD

Clean Vehicles Directive

SaaS

Software as a Service

DDH

Duurzaam Den Haag / Foundation Sustainable The Hague

SME

Small and/or medium entreprise

EC

European Commission

TVW

Transitievisie Warmte / Transition Vision Heating

EED

Energy Efficiency Directive

VNG

Vereniging van Nederlandse Gemeenten / Association of Dutch Municipalities

ETS

Emissions Trading System

VvE

Vereniging van Eigenaren / Homeowner association

EV

Electric vehicle

WCW

Wet Collectieve Warmte / Collective Heating Act

EU

European Union

WGIW

Wet Gemeentelijke Instrumenten Warmte / Municipal Instruments for Heating Act

EZK

Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat / Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy

WIS

Warmtenetten Investeringssubsidie / Heat Networks Investment Subsid

ZE

Zero emission

FTE

Full time equivalent

GHG

Greenhouse gases

GJ

Gigajoule

GPR

Gemeentelijke Prestatierichtlijnen / Municipal Performance Guidelines

HKA

Haags Klimaatakkoord / The Hague Climate Agreement

HMS

Haagse Milieu Services / The Hague Environmental Services

IPPU

Industrial processes and product use

I&W

Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat / Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management

KNMI

Koninklijke Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut/Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute

KPI

Key Performance Indicators

LPG

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

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100CNSC Emission domains and The Hague sustainability themes

How To Read The Climate City Contract (CCC) is another

This Climate Action Plan follows the structure

step towards The Hague realising its climate

of the NZC template, with a clear part A

ambition: a climate-neutral city by 2030.

(chapters two, three and four), B (chapter

The CCC consists of three parts: Commitments,

five), and C (chapters seven, eight, and nine).

the Climate Action Plan and the Climate

However, it does not follow the provided

Investment Plan. It connects local sustainability

templates completely. We made adjustments

policies with the structure and logic of the

to combine our municipal logic with the

100 Climate Neutral and Smart Cities by 2030

100CNSC templates. One such adjustment is

Mission, which is carried out by NetZeroCities

the addition of chapter six, which focuses solely

consortium (NZC) on behalf of the European

on the sustainability actions and plans of the

Commission.

municipal organisation.

The CCC is based on the

Energy systems and Built environment:

Circular economy, green industry, and nature-

Energy transition

based solutions: circular economy

It is also important to note that the structure

The transition of our energy supply from fossil

The transition from a linear economy with a

The Climate City Contract is a Dynamic

combines the NZC CAP templates provided in

fuels to renewable sources. This theme also

continuous demand for finite resources and

Document

June and December of 2023. We began writing

includes insulation and other energy-saving

large waste flows to an economy based on value

For the City of The Hague, the CCC is a means to

of the CCC in October 2023 and decided against

activities. After all: energy you do not use, does

retention of raw materials. Reuse of raw mate-

bring closer the ambition of a climate-neutral

changing certain sections when the new format

not have to be generated.

rials is the norm in a circular economy. As a

city by 2030. It maps existing and planned

was introduced due to time constraints. A table

result, the demand for primary raw materials

actions and places them in (an EU) perspective.

cross referencing the chapters of this CAP with

decreases, as does the production of waste.

Many climate actions will be further developed

the sections and tables of the NZC template can

and made concrete in the coming years, which

be found in Annex I.

12

following principles:

is why the CCC should be seen as a snapshot of where we currently are. We will publish revised

Terminology Used in This Document

versions every two years until 2030 (after 2024,

The terminology used in this Contract at times

updates will be published in 2026 and 2028).

deviates from the CCC formats and guidelines

Each subsequent version will provide more

in favour of local terms. This is always preceded

concrete answers and solutions.

by an explanation of these terms using 100CNSC terminology as a reference point.

The Climate City Contract is a Document of The

Mobility & transport: Sustainable mobility The transition to an emission-free mobility

Hague and Europe

Central is the municipal sustainability

system. This can be summarised in three key

The European Commission identifies the CCC

vocabulary. We maintain this vocabulary in

words: reduce, change, and improve. Reducing

Sustainable Built environment

as one of the building blocks of the 100CNSC

this Action Plan and have cross-referenced

the number of traffic movements and the

Working towards a city that is both sustainable

mission. It is important for Europe that The

our sustainability themes with the 100CNSC

number of kilometres that people travel,

and future-proof. This city is climate-neutral

Hague’s CCC is recognisable within this system;

Emission Domains. They are defined as

changing travel behaviour so that people more

and resistant to the effects of climate change,

for The Hague, the CCC has to fit within the

following:

frequently choose more sustainable ways

such as heat stress and flooding, and at the

city’s policy context, which is why it deviates on

of traveling, and making existing modes of

same time accessible, safe, and pleasant to live

a number of points from the formats provided

transport cleaner, more economical and effi-

and stay in. The sustainable city is green and

by NZC.

cient. When designing public spaces, we make

healthy for people, plants, and animals.

choices that promote walking, cycling, and the 1 NetZeroCities is a European consortium of 34 parties financed by the European Commission to implement the 100CNSC mission. This is financed under Horizon Europe. 2 There are 112 participating cities: 100 within the European Union and 12 from associated countries.

use of public transport or car sharing.

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1 Introduction

1

Introduction

Figure 1: Cleaning up the beach on Scheveningen with Project BeachBot

Since 2017, the City of The Hague has been

In the context of this Climate Action Plan (CAP),

consistent about the ambition to be climate-

the Hague has selected 2018 as its baseline

neutral in 2030. Its efforts to become a more

year. Since then, the city has made significant

resilient, sustainable, and biodiverse city go

progress in reducing its CO2 emissions. Taking

back further than that. The city’s main focus has

into account the CO2 emission scoping as

been on the importance of carbon abatement

defined for the 100 Climate Neutral and

and climate resilience for The Hague to remain

Smart Cities by 2030 Mission (100CNSC),

a healthy, economically strong, and just place to

we can identify a 27% emission reduction

live, work, and study.

between 2018 and 2022 (Figure 2). This reduction has primarily taken place in the built

A prime illustration of our continuous

environment and can largely be contributed to

commitment to these objectives is our

a reduction in the use of natural gas. Though

local 2018 Klimaatpact (Climate Pact). This

important progress was made in building insu-

document, an initiative from council members,

lation and development of the district heating

rallied close to 300 parties active in The Hague

network, it is not possible to say how effective

behind the ambition to be climate-neutral

these measures were in terms of CO2 reduction.

in 2030. The city has also received repeated

This is because it has been documented that the

national and international recognition for

rise of gas prices due to the phase-out of gas

our work on climate mitigation, for example

extraction in Groningen and geopolitical unrest

through receiving the label of Greenest City of

has a significant impact on the use of natural

the Netherlands in 2017 and the 2021 World

gas as well.

Smart Cities: Energy & Environment Award.

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Numbers x ton CO2 excluding several small emission sources we currently lack data on.

TOTAL

2.070.225 7.205 MOBILITY

197.888

621 TOTAL

1.972.433

7.500

646

199.933

78.780

79.920 HOUSEHOLD WASTE

TOTAL

TOTAL

6.095

578 6.328

1.742.113

1.751.280

162.487

156.194

88.876

85.786

598 TOTAL

1.534.973 6.537

620

174.265

participation with building frameworks for

along with the need for further steps to be

reliable monitoring. First, we are in the process

taken to meet our 2030 ambition. And progress

of developing the Haags Klimaatakkoord (The

is being made; the City of The Hague has

Hague Climate Agreement, in short: HKA), a

ambitious targets on renewable heating, clean

framework to collaborate with stakeholders in

mobility, and developing a circular economy

the city, including large employers, knowledge

(among others). These include plans to retrofit

partners, local businesses, and residents, on

10.000 homes annually, explore and develop

accelerating the climate transition. We do

exploitation of several of the fifteen potential

so by making concrete climate deals along

geothermal sources located in the city, and the

with a monitoring framework that includes

introduction of a zero emission (ZE) zone. These

involvement of residents of the city. Second, we

interventions have the potential to significantly

are developing a climate dashboard in order to

contribute to our climate ambitions and make

have reliable access to climate-related data for

the city cleaner, greener, and safer while doing so.

monitoring, learning and evaluation and for backcasting through scenario development. Both

933.516

81.708

859.142 737.665

COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS

687.674

616.382

HOUSING

Figure 1 shows a steady decline of CO2 emissions

852.215

825.292

814.700 746.412 655.461

MOBILITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT

COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS

MOBILITY COMMERCIAL

HOUSING

MOBILITY PASSENGER TRANSPORT

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

HOUSEHOLD WASTE

Figure 2: CO2 emissions in the City of The Hague per emission sector from 2018 to 2022 (Source: Municipal CO2-scanner)

The City of The Hague employs around 12.000

the HKA and climate dashboard will develop into

people and has a spending budget worth roughly

instruments for stakeholder engagement and

2.5 % of the city’s economy. This illustrates that

monitoring and learning to be used in future

we, as an organisation, have the potential to

iterations of the Climate City Contract (CCC).

make an impact by changing how we operate. However, we cannot reach our sustainability

Many parties in The Hague are also actively

ambition on our own. Collaboration is crucial

investing in the decarbonisation of their own

because the climate transition cannot be

processes. The municipality supports these

successful if the importance is not widely felt,

efforts through information, knowledge sharing,

or the responsibility shared. We believe that we

and subsidies. Large public projects oftentimes

need to combine resources such as knowledge,

also impact the opportunities for parties to

financial means, and capacities with other

take their next steps. For example, employers

stakeholders so we can strengthen each other’s

are dependent on sufficient public investments

and our own efforts. We therefore continue to

into the biking infrastructure in order to invest

develop existing networks and explore new

in increasing the amount of sustainable (bike)

collaborations. This ranges from large infra-

commutes among their employees. Stakeholders

structure projects such as geothermal energy

are also collaborating on new initiatives through

exploitation, where we work together with large

the HKA climate deals, in which the munici-

groups of stakeholders, to bottom-up initiatives

pality is oftentimes a participating party but

such as energy cooperatives and local energy

generally not the lead party. Examples of deals

coaches, for which we frequently work together

are upscaling a local carsharing initiative to be

with foundation Duurzaam Den Haag (DDH).

accessible to thousands of The Hague residents, developing digital twins to give residents the

We also actively explore new and innovative ways

opportunity to participate in retrofitting efforts

to work on our ambitions. In 2024, there are two

in their neighbourhood, and the establishment

primary examples of government innovation

of a greening network among the international

that combine sustainability, innovation, and

community in the city.

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This CAP brings together past actions and

the mission in early 2022, the municipality

current and planned interventions that

applied a first analysis of the NZC Transition

contribute to The Hague’s 2030 climate

Map (figure 3) to the municipal context. This

ambition. It approaches the city as a system,

included reflecting on the way sustainability

mapping out our current understanding

was embedded within the municipal organi-

of climate action, interdependencies between

sation along with applying the transition map

actions, policies, and stakeholders, signalling

on the stakeholder field within the organisation

the most important opportunities and risks we

and the city as a whole. The conclusion was that

have to address, and laying the groundwork

strong engagement and a clear mandate within

to be able to report on progress in the years

the organisation were the first necessary steps.

ahead. Approaching the city as a system from a transition perspective also means that things

The first steps to involving different stake-

change all the time. As such, this Climate Action

holders were taken within the municipal

Plan, along with the other two documents

organisation by establishing the municipal

making up the Climate City Contract, is an

transition team. A group of policy colleagues

analysis of The Hague as it can be observed

from different teams and departments were

today. Future iterations of the Action Plan

gathered with the aim to share knowledge

will prove valuable because of this dynamic

and experiences. Every colleague acted as

nature through allowing comparisons between

a link between the transition team and

iterations.

their respective department. The following

1.1 Work Process 1.1.1 Work Process Until Now

Figure 3: NZC Climate Transition Map (Source: NZC)

policy areas are represented in the team:

parties mapped the current sustainability

work on two main processes that will advance

sustainability, energy transition, mobility,

situation, identified barriers and opportunities,

the next CCC:

circular economy and waste, housing, smart

and began talking about ways to collaborate.

cities, urban planning and the built envi-

The different steps in this process are discussed

ronment, and economy. The aim was to gather

in chapter seven.

• Developing and implementing a climate dashboard as a sustainability monitoring

information as effectively as possible on

and analysis tool for mapping the impact

When the European Commission launched

one hand and communicate on the mission

of current policies and making data-driven

the 100 Climate-neutral and Smart Cities

within a large organisation effectively on

by 2030 Mission in 2021, it was seen as an

the other hand. This transition team has met

opportunity for The Hague to strengthen

biweekly since early 2023 in order to share

work on the ambition to be climate-neutral

information and collaborate on writing this

Submitting the Climate City Contract is an

city and establishment of a supervising

by 2030. The European nature of the mission

Climate Action Plan. For more information

important milestone in The Hague’s partici-

council that plays an important role in the

along with its promise of collaboration within

on the municipal organisation around

pation in 100CNSC. Over the next few months,

implementation and further development of

network comprising of many cities was deemed

sustainability, see chapters six and seven.

we will further integrate the 100CNSC way of

the HKA.

a valuable and highly logical opportunity

1.1.2 Work Process After Completing this Climate Action Plan

decisions about new policies. • The kick-off of the HKA as a collaboration instrument on sustainability in the

thinking in the sub-departments of the organ-

for climate action – a topic that itself reaches

The need to collaborate with stakeholders

isation. The structure in which we will work

In the period up to 2030, we will draw up a new

beyond local and even national borders. This

expanded beyond the walls of our municipal

will be flexible and tailored to the needs of the

version of the CCC every two years and share it

resulted in the submission of an Expression of

buildings. In April 2023, the local adminis-

process. This will start with the evaluation of

with the European Commission. The updates,

Interest (EoI).

tration began developing an engagement

the current way of working with the transition

which will be based on previous versions of the

process with organised parties in the city called

team that has been collaborating on the CCC for

CCC, will detail progress made and look ahead

After the announcement that The Hague was

The Hague Climate Tables. Through a series

the last year. Furthermore, we will continue to

to 2030. We aim to publish the next CCC in 2026.

one of the cities selected to participate in

of events, the municipality and attending

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2 Our Emissions

2

Our Emissions

Figure 4: Map of the City of The Hague (Source: Planning department of the Municipality of The Hague)

In order to effectively work towards becoming

Before presenting our emissions data, it is

a climate-neutral city, it is necessary to know

important to expand on (1) our geographical

what climate neutrality means and where

boundaries, (2) the monitoring scope, and (3)

we currently stand. The Hague has been

the limitations of our monitoring.

monitoring emissions for a long time; the first CO2 emissions analysis was conducted in 1993 and based on 1991 data. Our most

2.1 Geographical Boundaries

consistent monitoring is done using our own monitoring system, called the CO2-scanner. This

The City of The Hague has clear geographical

was developed in collaboration with specialists

boundaries. These can be seen in figure 4.

from RoyalHaskoningDHV in 2011 and has been

The city consists of eight city districts adding up

consistently maintained since. We have also

to 98.13 km2, or 82.45 km2 without the strip of

been a member of the EU Covenant of Mayors

coastal water within the municipal boundaries.

for Climate and Energy since 2008 and annually report to this shared database. We have used

Several observations can be made based on

information from our own CO2-scanner for the

above map of The Hague that are relevant for

emission reporting in this chapter.

our emissions reporting.

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It can be seen that the city is densely built and

2.2 Scope

populated. The boundaries of the local admin-

Table 1: Overview of sectors, sources and categories in- and excluded in the 100CNSC GHG monitoring (Source: EC Info Kit for Cities, 2021).

istration itself leave no space for expansion,

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be catego-

being locked in by the sea to the west and no

rised in three scopes:

open land within the borders of the municipality. This leads to the increasing importance

Scope 1 Direct emissions: all emissions released

of careful land use and leaves little space for

within the municipal boundaries.

agricultural or industrial activity with the

Scope 2 Indirect emissions from the generation

borders of the municipality. The latter will be

of energy consumed within municipal

further discussed in chapter 2.2.

boundaries.

Direct Emissions (1)

Indirect Emissions (2)

Indirect Emissions (3)

Buildings

Emissions from all buildings, facilities and permanent infrastructure / equipment (collectively referred to as ‘stationary energy’ and including public, private, residential and industrial sectors) within the city boundary (excluding EU ETS registered facilities).

Emissions from outside the city boundary due to the use of grid-supplied energy (electricity or district heating/ cooling) within the city boundary

Not applicable.

Transport

Emissions from on-road and rail (as a minimum) transport within the city boundary, disaggregated by municipal fleet, public transport, private and commercial transport.

Emissions from outside the city boundary due to the use of grid-supplied electricity used to charge electric vehicles.

Recommended by 2030.

Waste

Emissions from waste generated and managed/ sent to landfill within the city boundary.

Not applicable.

Emissions from waste generated within the city boundary but managed/sent to landfill outside the city boundary.

IPPU

Emissions from GHGs used in, or as a by-product of industrial processes and products (if present / significant).

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

AFOLU

Changes in GHG emissions from any changes in land use giving rise to (sources) or sequestering (sinks) emissions (if significant).

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Scope 3 All other indirect emissions that The Hague’s urban density means that both

occur up and down the value chain of

waste separation activities and large-scale

everything used or consumed within

energy production for the city take place

municipal boundaries.

outside of the city boundaries. It also illustrates the spatial challenges of developing local

Using this categorisation, the scoping used

heating sources such as available geothermal

in this CAP follows the guidelines from the EC

energy.

100CNSC Info Kit for Cities, released in 2021. This scoping is summarised in table 1.

The city is also home to large green areas. A significant part of the coastal area consists

It is important to address the categories

of national parks (Natura 2000 gebieden)

Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)

and within the city multiple large-scale parks

and Agriculture, forestry and other land use

can be found. These green spaces are regularly

(AFOLU). While we have data on energy use of

referred to as ‘the lungs of the city’.

buildings in both the industrial and agricultural sectors, we have no data on energy use of the

It is important to note that The Hague is part

actual industrial and agricultural processes.

of a greater urban area, the Regio Metropool

Thus, only having access to local data on

Rotterdam Den Haag (MRDH). This greater

heating of buildings and energy use in office

urban area is home to roughly 2.4 million resi-

buildings in these sectors, we have an incom-

dents and its urban system is heavily integrated

plete view of emissions in these source sectors.

2.3 Limitations of Our Monitoring

in some areas. That means that, in some areas,

of this Action Plan, we have not included them in our baseline inventory or 2022 inventory.

sustainability efforts are pursued on the MRDH

However, both IPPU and AFOLU are extremely

Currently, we only have comprehensive moni-

level rather than the municipal one. This is the

limited within our geographical boundaries.

toring in place on our CO2 emissions. Though

Focusing on CO2 emissions, there are three

case for much in the field of mobility.

National data estimate that in 2021, less than

considered by far the most relevant greenhouse

limitations in our monitoring that are relevant

3 % of The Hague’s CO2 emissions came from

gas (GHG) to monitor in our city, it is not the

to mention.

these two emission source sectors combined.

only one. NetZeroCities identifies the following

They are therefore excluded from our CO2

other relevant GHG: Methane (CH4), Nitrous

First, there are several emission sources that we

reporting. This is in line with the guidelines

Oxide (N2O), Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),

have identified as part of the NZC scoping but

from the Info Kit for Cities stating that very

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and F-gases. As we do

which we have been unable to find reliable data

small emission sources can be labelled insignif-

not monitor these at the moment of the writing

on. These are the following:

icant and be excluded from reporting.

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• Generators running on fossil fuels

2.4 Our Current Emissions

Energy transition • Motorcycles

2.4.1 Sources

Sustainable mobility • Commercial waste

The municipal CO2 -scanner that acts as the

Circular economy

source for our CAP CO2 emission monitoring

Including: construction waste and

aims to use local data whenever possible.

industrial waste

The municipality owns part of these data and

• Oils and fats as household waste Circular economy

also collaborates with important partners in the city to access local data they gather. We receive local data from HTM (local public transpor-

Second, it is relevant to note that data on

tation provider), Stedin (energy grid manager)

our district heating grid does not delineate

and Eneco (large energy provider).

between all building categories. While we know

Table 2: Final energy use by source sectors (2018) Base year

2018

Unit

MWh/year Scope 1

Scope 2

Scope 3

Total

Buildings

388.328.640 m3

1.840.729 MWh + 443.220 MWh (= 1.595.592 GJ)

(Fuel type/ energy used)

Natural gas

Grey electricity + district heating

Transport

1.108.990.000 km

38.464 MWh

(Fuel type/ energy used)

Petrol, diesel, LPG, hybid vehicles

Grey electricity

Waste

175.857 ton

175.857 ton

(Fuel type/ energy used)

Household waste

the split between housing and other buildings,

Whenever data cannot be reliably sourced

we have no data on the split between different

locally, it is sourced from one of two national

types of buildings in this category (subsectors).

data providers: the Dutch Central Bureau of

We have therefore included district heating as

statistics (CBS) or the website

a separate subsector under built environment

www.CO2emissiefactoren.nl. Both are (co-)

(other than housing).

produced by the national government and

Base year

2022

regularly updated.

Unit

MWh/year

Lastly, in our emission monitoring of the mobility sector, we have real live data on the mileage of gas cars within our city boundaries.

2.4.2 Our Reporting

Table 3: Final energy use by source sectors (2022)

Scope 1

Scope 2

Buildings

310.991.900 m3

1.561.903 MWh + 354.217 MWh (= 1.275.182 GJ)

Natural gas

Grey electricity + district heating

However, we lack reliable data delineating

Scope 3

between petrol and diesel use. As can be seen in

The Hague’s baseline year is 2018. Data are

table 4, the emission factor of petrol is slightly

updated every year in August retroactively,

(Fuel type/ energy used)

higher than that of diesel. We have decided

meaning the most recent emission data we

Transport

1.076.164.008 km

13.100.000 km

to use the emission factor of petrol in our

can report on in early 2024 are from 2022. We therefore present our emission data for two

Petrol, diesel, LPG, hybid vehicles

Grey electricity

CO2 emission calculations in order to avoid the

(Fuel type/ energy used)

risk of underreporting our emissions.

years: 2018 (baseline) and 2022 (most recent

Waste

187.580 ton

reportable data).

(Fuel type/ energy used)

Household waste

We continue to look for data to add these sources to our monitoring and reporting in the

As mentioned in chapter 2.2, emission source

future.

sectors Industrial processes and product use

Total

1.089.264.008 km

187.580 ton

(IPPU) and Agriculture, forestry and other land

The input for several categories of final energy

several factors, such as the purpose for which it

use (AFOLU) are excluded from our monitoring.

use in tables 2 and 3 cannot be converted

is used and the quality of the used equipment.

to MWh as asked in the template. First, the

Second, the number of kilometres cannot be

amount of used m of natural gas is not

converted to MWh because we lack data on

converted to MWh because the amount of

types of motor vehicles to make reliable calcu-

energy (MWh of GJ) that is produced by using a

lations. Finally, the tonnage of waste cannot be

certain amount of m natural gas depends on

converted to MWh.

3

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CO2 UITSTOOT DEN HAAG 2022 x KILOTON CO2 - Exclusief de uitstoot van enkele kleine bronnen waarvoor geen data beschikbaar is

HOUSEHOLD WASTE

Table 4: Emission factors applied

ORGANIC WASTE 0,1 (0,0%)

MOBILITY COMMERCIAL MOBILITY 6,5 (0,4%)

(Please specify for primary energy type and GHG emission factor according to methodology used).

WASTE - OTHER 81,6

For calculation in t or MWh of primary energy Source: National government (www.co2emissiefactoren.nl)

PERSONAL MOBILITY 174,3 (11,4%) PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION (BUSES) 0,6 (0,0%)

5,3%

DISTRICT HEATING 19,9 (1,3%)

11,8%

181,4

OTHER*** 24,9 (1,6%)

NATURAL GAS 405,5 (26,4%)

81,7 KILOTON CO2

Primary energy/ energy source

Emission factor applied

Natural gas

1,7820 kilogram CO2 per m3

Non-renewable sourced electricity

396 kilogram CO2 per MWh

District heating

21,93 kilogram CO2 per Gigajoule (this number is the national average emission factor for district heating. The exact number depends on the energy source mix for the district heating (e.g. residual heat, aquathermic heat, geothermic heat).

Petrol

0,1690 kilogram CO2 per kilometre

Diesel

0,1460 kilogram CO2 per kilometre

Residual waste

520 kilogram CO2 per ton waste

KILOTON CO2

CULTURE, SPORTS, AND RECREATION 28,7 (1,9%)

TOTAL

1535

HEALTHCARE 61,5 (4,0%)

42,7%

655,5 KILOTON CO2

KTON CO2

EDUCATION 30,7 (2,0%)

BUILT ENVIRONMENT: HOUSING

Table 5: Activity by source sectors

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNANCE 81,0 (5,3%)

Base year 2018

40,2%

616,4 OTHER COMPANIES** 104,0 (6,8%)

GREY ELECTRICITY* 240,6 (15,7%)

KILOTON CO2

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES 22,2 (1,4%)

BUILT ENVIRONMENT: COMPANIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND ORGANISATIONS

DISTRICT HEATING 9,3 (0,6%)

HOSPITALITY SERVICES 61,1 (4,0%)

RETAIL 86,2 (5,6%)

Scope 2

Residential Public Private

Residential Public Private

Personal transport (personal cars) Commercial transportation Public transportation Municipal motor vehicle fleet

Personal transport (personal cars) Commercial transportation Public transportation Municipal motor vehicle fleet

Scope 3

Sector: Energy use buildings (Activity)

FINANCIAL SERVICES 30,2 (2,0%)

Scope 1

Sector: Transport (Activity)

TRANSPORT AND STORAGE 66 (4,3%)

Sector: Waste (Activity)

* Electricity from non-renewable sources. Renewable sources such as solar or wind are not included because they produce no local CO2 emissions. ** Companies - other: real estate, rental services, manufacturing industry, mining, water- and waste management, agriculture, forestry, fishery. *** Organisations - other: extrarerritorial organisations.

Figure 5: Graph of CO2 emissions in the City of The Hague in 2022 (Source: Municipal CO2-scanner)

Residual waste Organic waste Paper + cardboard Construction + demolition Glass Plastics, metals, and packages Electronics Fats and oils

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Table 6: CO2 emissions by source sectors (2018) Base year

2018

Unit

CO2 equivalent/year

Working towards a circular economy means

100CNSC cities with a clear definition of climate

addressing whole supply chains, with no

neutrality, both in terms of scope and in terms

distinction made between parts of the

of reduction. According to this definition, a

chain happening within or outside of our

maximum of 20% of emissions reduction

1.090.234 ton CO2

1.785.731 ton CO2

geographical boundaries. This includes a

may come from residual emissions offsetting,

No data

205.714 ton CO2

cradle-to-grave approach: emphasis is given to

either through carbon capture or through

actions and project that limit the need for new

support of the development of a market for

materials and prevent waste from occurring in

net-zero-aligned offsets. As further discussed

the first place.

in chapter 2.6, the municipality prioritises

Scope 2

Buildings

695.497 ton CO2

Transport

205.714 ton CO2

Scope 3

Waste 901.211 ton CO2

The European Commission has provided all

Total

Scope 1

Total

We are taking steps to be able to do this.

1.090.234 ton CO2

78.780 ton CO2

78.780 ton CO2

78.780 ton CO2

2.070.225 ton CO2

emission reduction over other approaches.

Table 7: CO2 emissions by source sectors (2022) Base year

2022

Unit

CO2 equivalent/year Scope 2

Buildings

554.225 ton CO2

717.618 ton CO2

Transport

181.422 ton CO2

Scope 3

Waste 735.647 ton CO2

This is also in line with the Oxford Offsetting

in 2023. Development continues in 2024 and

Principles as used as guidance for the 100CNSC

the first version of the dashboard will focus

cities.4

on scope 1 and 2 emissions. However, we are

Scope 1

Total

We also began developing a climate dashboard

717.618 ton CO2

Total

planning to explore adding more emission

In this CAP, the municipality of The Hague

1.271.843 ton CO2

sources after 2024. For more information about

adopts the definition presented in the Info

181.422 ton CO2

our climate dashboard, see chapter seven.

Kit for Cities and uses it to make estimations

81.708 ton CO2

81.708 ton CO2

81.708 ton CO2

1.534.973 ton CO2

regarding the city’s emissions gap. These

2.5 Our Emissions Gap

estimations are purely meant for informative purpose within the framework of 100CNSC participation.

As can be seen in above tables and in figure 5,

a comprehensive overview of our emissions.

This section addresses the gap between

energy use in the built environment is the

The emissions included in this scope are highly

our current CO2 emissions and our climate

main source of CO2 emissions. The two biggest

relevant. Research from other cities shows that

ambition for the City of The Hague.

emission sources are natural gas and grey elec-

roughly 30 % of city emissions take place in

It hereby presents a Business as Usual

tricity, with natural gas responsible for roughly

scopes 1 and 2. Scopes 1 and 2 also largely refer

(BAU) scenario for 2030 by projecting a

36 % of local CO2 emissions and grey elec-

to emissions that we, as a city, have a consid-

consistent CO2 emission reduction from

tricity close to 45 percent. While natural gas use

erable grasp on as opposed to for example

our baseline year, 2018, until 2030. This

is higher than grey electricity use in homes, the

indirect emissions from imported goods.

is a highly unlikely scenario since it does

3

rest of the built environment get the majority of

TON CO2

not take into account a variety of external

its energy through electricity. Together, they are

At the same time, we exclude parts of scope two

factors, including population growth and

responsible for over 80 % of our local CO2 emis-

and almost all of scope three emissions. It is

the fact that easy and short-term cost-ef-

sions, and it is for this reason that the energy

relevant to expand on the scoping limitations

fective measures have already been taken.

transition is a local and national priority in the

that come with this alignment, both because it

We are currently developing a climate

transition to climate neutrality.

helps us contextualise our emission data and

dashboard that will allow us to develop a

because we have to be climate-neutral in all

much more nuanced 2030 scenario for the

By aligning our monitoring with that of the

three scopes by 2050, and therefore will need to

next iteration of the CCC and recommend

European Covenant of Mayors and the scoping

be able to monitor all emissions in the future.

caution while reading the following

as presented in the Info Kit for Cities, we create

section.

3 RoyalHaskoningDHV calculations

4 The Oxford Offsetting Principles | Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment

YEAR

Figure 6: Graph of BAU scenario for CO2 reduction until 2030 based on average reduction rates ­between 2018 and 2022 (Source: municipal CO2-scanner)

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A CO2 emission reduction of roughly 27 % has

Furthermore, the above scenario does not

We believe that we need to accelerate and scale

of peat is imported and used in the city. This

been achieved since 2018. In the scenario that

take the autonomous growth of the city into

up our climate efforts to ensure that a steady

peat stems mainly from other regions in the

CO2 emissions continue to decline as they have

account. In the coming years we expect a signif-

CO2 emission reduction continues. In this

Netherlands. We are in the early stages of

since then, emissions would amount to 520

icant growth in residents, which means new

Action Plan, we identify new and planned

developing a much more sustainable substitute

kton CO2 in 2030. This leaves a gap between the

construction and more traffic. This will lead to

actions to take additional steps in reaching

in a consortium with stakeholders working in,

outcome of continuing the same way – BAU -

an autonomous increase of emissions. On top of

our climate neutrality ambition. The emission

and doing research on, the field. There has been

and our ambition to be climate-neutral in 2030.

this, the BAU scenario is based on the oversim-

reduction potential of these pathways is

a pilot to develop substrates where compost

This hypothetical gap is roughly 106 kton CO2.

plified assumption that emissions will reduce

discussed in chapter five.

made of wood, clay and leaf compost is mixed

In table 8, we have mapped The Hague’s

in a linear way. We know this will not happen.

with ten % biochar. This biochar increases the

baseline emissions and the BAU prognosis.

Over the past years, many of our interventions

balance on oxygen and water, and the stored

have been relatively easy and (cost-) effective.

2.6 Residual Emissions

carbon by the inert biochar works as a direct carbon sink. The objective is the large-scale

Table 8: Emissions Gap Baseline emissions (in ton CO2)

Residual emissions / offsetting ambition1 (in ton CO2)

Baseline emissions reduction ambition (in ton CO2) 2

Emissions reductions in BAU3

(absolute)

Emissions gap (to be addressed by action plan)4

looking into the possibility to be peat free

emissions by 2030. We are in the process of

in 2028, which would translate into an annual

developing scenarios for all emission domains

CO2 emission reduction of two kiloton.

and develop reliable prognoses of 2030 emissions (more information on these scenarios can

The municipal organisation also has its own CO2

be found in chapter seven). We are currently

compensation scheme for all operational emis-

(absolute)

(%)

(absolute)

(%)

Buildings

1.785.731

86

357.146

20

357.146

86

unable to quantify the expected residual emis-

sions. More information on this can be found in

sions and develop a suitable residual emissions

chapter six.

Transport

205.714

10

41.143

20

41.143

10

strategy to be climate-neutral by 2030 as

Waste

78.780

4

15.756

20

15.756

4

defined within 100CNSC.

Total

2.070.225

100

414.045

1.656.180

100

106.000

(%)

economy are not expected to have reached zero

(%)

100

(absolute)

usage of biochar to replace peat. We are

(absolute)

1.550.000

(%)

Emission sectors such as energy and circular

100

1 Residual emissions represent the emissions that cannot be reduced through climate action and are being offset. Residual emission may amount to a maximum of 20 % of all emissions, as stated in the Mission Info Kit. 2 Baseline reduction target = Baseline emissions – residual emissions. 3 Emission reductions planned for in existing action planning and strategies should be quantified per sector. 4 Emissions gap = Baseline emission reduction target – Emissions reduction in existing scenarios.

As a local administration, we underline the large potential of natural carbon sinks and have plans to increase local ecological carbon storage through improving the quality of existing green and blue infrastructure in the city along with adding green infrastructure such as new trees

However, limited value should be put on the

Examples are drastic energy saving measures

and green roofs. However, the carbon capture

BAU prognosis. As discussed in chapter one of

without large retrofitting or the installation of

potential of these interventions is limited.

this CAP, the steep decline in local CO2 emissions

solar panels. Over the coming years, remaining

As of 2024, we have no calculations on the CO2

is primarily in the built environment and more

emissions will be increasingly difficult to tackle

reduction potential of these plans. We do know

specifically in the built environment other than

technologically, but also financially. A point will

that, for large-scale carbon capture within

housing. The city took relevant steps in CO2

be reached where all ‘easy’ roofs are already

municipal boundaries, other (larger scale) solu-

emission abatement in this period, but large

used for solar panels, where retrofitting

tions need to be implemented.

societal changes such as the Covid pandemic

becomes more expensive, and investments

and the gas crisis, also makes 2018-2022 a

in zero-emission transport less cost-effective.

We are also involved in biochar experimen-

highly unusual time period.

Moreover, the behaviour change needed to

tations. The substrates for trees and other

continue making progress is highly complicated.

vegetation used to green the city are made of 76% peat. Annually, over eight million kilogram

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3 The Hague’s Policy Context

3

The primary purpose of this Climate Action Plan is to accelerate what we are already doing and identify ways to add depth and/or acceleration to these actions. To know where and how that is possible, a coherent overview of the policy context in which the city operates is important. This chapter focuses on this local, regional, national, and international policy context that we have developed, interact with, and implement to achieve our objectives. It highlights the most important elements of this policy framework, visualises an overview of policy objectives set in these different documents.

3.1 Current Policy Context

Within that context, the following sections map the most relevant policies, strategies

The Hague’s Policy Context

Climate action by all stakeholders in the city

and regulations based on the four identified

is affected and influenced by policies on the

themes: energy, mobility, circular economy,

international, European, national and local

and sustainable environment. They have been

level. Not just existing policies: knowledge

organised in three separate tables:

of upcoming rules and regulations can also heavily influence decisions on timing of actions

1 International and European policies

or investments choices and are important to

2 National, provincial, and regional policies

map.

3 Local policies.

The largest framework in this regard is the 2015

To illustrate interdependencies between policies

United Nations Paris Agreement, where 196

between these different levels, the column

states adopted the objective to keep the global

‘need for action’ is interpreted as ‘link to other

average temperature under 2 degrees Celsius

relevant policies/local implementation’.

and attempt to stay within 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial temperatures. This translates to the need for a 50% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030. The Dutch government translated its commitment to the Paris Agreement with the 2019 National Climate Agreement. This document sets the national target of a 49% CO2 reduction in 2030 compared to 1990 and identifies sectoral targets for the following sectors: electricity, industry, mobility, built environment, and agriculture.

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3.1.1 International and European Climate Policies and Strategies Table 9: International and European Climate-related Policies and Strategies Type

Name & Title

Year of Publication

Emission domain(s)

Description

Relevance for/ impact on Local Action

Stakeholders

Need for action

Link

EU Policy

EU Emissions Trading System

2005

All

System based on the ‘cap and trade’ principle. A cap is a limit set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the sectors covered by the system. The cap is reduced annually in line with the EU’s climate target. The scope (which sectors are included) expands over time, with the maritime sector being the latest addition (2024).

Medium relevance / indirect impact

Large emittors. In The Hague, there are few stakeholders subject to the trading system.

EU-policy to reduce emissions. Link with all missions/actions aimed at reducing CO2.

Development of EU ETS (2005-2020) - European Commission (europa.eu)

EU Regulation

TEN-T policy

2013

Mobility

To support the transition to a cleaner, greener and smarter mobility the Commission revised the TEN-T Regulation of 2013. The revised TEN-T Regulation should put the transport sector on track to cut its emissions by 90%. It responds to the need to increase connectivity across Europe and to shift more passengers and freight to the sustainable modes of transport.

Medium relevance / indirect impact

Local and regional government.

Establishment of local SUMP and development of indicators

Regulation - 1315/2013 EN - EUR-Lex (europa.eu)

United Nations Treaty

Paris Agreement

2015

All

Treaty signed by 196 UN parties to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” and pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.”

High relevance/ indirect impact

All

Framework for underlying climate targets and base for National Climate Agreement.

https://unfccc.int/ process-and-meetings/ the-paris-agreement

EU Policy

European Green Deal

2019

all

Package of policy proposals for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030.

High relevance / indirect impact

Governments, production industry, consumers.

The European Green Deal (europa.eu). Link with all missions/ actions aimed at reducing CO2

The European Green Deal (europa.eu)

EU Policy

EU Climate Law

2020

All

European Union commitment for the target to be climate neutral by 2050 with identified 2030 target and pathway proposals to reach both targets.

High relevance / indirect impact

All

EU Action Plan

Circular Economy Action Plan

2020

Circular economy

Action plan with measures to produce more sustainable products, decrease waste and promote circularity in the EU. Part of European Green Deal.

High relevance/direct impact

Governments, production industry, consumers

Link with missions on circular and sustainable inner cities, neighborhoods and businesses

EUR-Lex - 52020DC0098 EN - EUR-Lex (europa.eu)

EU Strategy

EU Biodiversity strategy 2030

2020

Built environment

EU Strategy to halt the decline of biodiversity and help biodiversity increase by 2030. Part of European Green Deal.

Medium relevance / indirect impact

Governments, developers

Link with missions/ actions on green and water as a base

https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/ EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52020DC0380

EU Regulation

Alternative fuels infrastructure regulation (AFIR)

2021

Mobility

2025-2030 deployment targets for recharging and refuelling stations for alternative fuels (to fossil fuels)

Medium relevance / indirect impact

Energy providors, network providors, drivers, transportation sector.

Placing sufficient number of charging stations for trucks, also in urban areas

EU Action Plan

Zero Pollution Action Plan

2021

All

Action plan to drastically decrease pollution within the EU. Target of zero pollution in 2050 and 25-55% percent decreases in different types of pollution by 2030.

Medium relevance / indirect impact

Governments, industrial polluters, transportation sector, residents of the EU.

Making the EU climateneutral by 2050 (europa. eu)

Zero pollution action plan (europa.eu)

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Type

Name & Title

Year of Publication

Emission domain(s)

Description

Relevance for/ impact on Local Action

Stakeholders

Need for action

EU Policy

EU Nature Restoration Law

2023

Built environment, circular economy

Set of rules to restore biodiversity and ecosystems within the EU aiming to have at least 20% of EU's land and sea covered by recovery measures by 2030 and all ecosystems by 2050.

Medium relevance / indirect impact

Governments, agricultural sector, heavy industry, EU residents.

Link with missions/ actions on green and water as a base

EU Regulation

Regulation 2023/851 Actualised CO2 emission standards performance standards for cars and vans

1992 - present

Mobility, built environment

Introducing stricter CO2 emissions targets for cars and vans in line with the EU reduction targets for cars and vans of 100% by 2035.

High relevance / direct impact

Car and van users (commercial or personal)

Link with action plan air quality

EU Regulation

Actualised CO2 emission standards performance standards for heavyduty vehicles

1992 - present

Mobility, built environment

Introducing stricter CO2 emissions targets for heavyduty vehicles in line with the EU reduction targets for cars and vans of 100% by 2035.

High relevance / direct impact

Industry, transport sector

Link with action plan air quality

EU Regulation

Energy Efficiency Directive (EED)

2012 - present

Built environment,

Setting rules and obligations for achieving the EU's ambitious energy efficiency targets. The revised Energy Efficiency Directive establishes "energy efficiency first" as a fundamental principal of EU energy policy, giving it legal standing for the first time.

High relevance/ direct impact

All

Obligatory four yearly audit, although we now are getting certified for the CO2-Performance ladder we will be exempt as the CO2Perfomance ladder is more strict on the subject.

EU Regulation

Clean Vehicles Directive (CVD)

2019 - present

Mobility

Purpose of the CVD is to increase the market for clean and energy efficient vehicles by promoting them through procurement by obliging the contracting authorities to fulfil a certain minimum percentage of clean and zero emission vehicles in their fleet