Bijlage 1.Report trains final OCBT

40

100%

Table 24. Night-train coverage of the top-40 intra-EU routes for France. For 38 of the 40 routes included in the dataset, it was possible in 2019 to depart after 7am in the morning and reach the target destination by midnight. This was not possible for Paris-Lisbon and Paris-Porto, where travelers needed to board a night train.

Out of the 38 routes that could be travelled daytime, 17 came with a night-train option. They included the most popular route for France, ParisToulouse. On average, daytime travel on these routes took 9h55 and involved 1.0 transfer, while nighttime travel took 15h17 and involved 1.4 transfers. The average speed of journeys involving a night train was 92 km/h, while the average speed of daytime journeys was 142 km/h. Night travel took longer than daytime travel on all these routes; it was particularly uncompetitive on the Paris-Barcelona route in the covered period; all routes passing through this stretch were similarly affected. 21 out of the 40 routes included in the dataset presented no nighttrain option in 2019. 13 of them consisted of relatively short domestic routes, covered by quite fast trains. A night-train option would probably be competitive on some of the remaining routes, such as Paris to Munich, Copenhagen or Prague. No. of routes (2019)

Type of nigh-train option available Direct night train

3

Connecting night train (journey takes < 16h in total)

11

Total

19

Connecting night train (journey takes > 16h in total)

5

Table 25. Type of night-train services for the top-40 intra-EU routes for France where this option was available. A direct night train existed on just 3 of the 19 routes where the night travel option was available in 2019 (i.e. Paris to Toulouse, Milan or Venice); on average these journeys lasted 10h48 and covered 922 km.

Train alternatives for the top 40 domestic routes for France Train alternatives were available in 2019 for all the top 40 domestic short-haul flight routes for France that could in principle be travelled by train.

The average duration of the train journey was 5h19 in 2019, ranging from 2h01 for the Paris-Rennes journey to 9h43 hours for Nice-Bordeaux. The median was 5h01. 27 routes, i.e. 67.5% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours.

37

Percentage of routes (2019)

16% 58% 26%

100%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

The average length of the journey for these routes is 851 km, ranging from 364 km for the Paris-Rennes journey to 1512 km for Nice-Bordeaux. The median is 812 km. The average speed of the journey was 165 km/h in 2019, ranging from 82 km/h for the Nice-Toulouse journey to 250 km/h for Paris-Bordeaux. The median was 165 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains in France was 171 km/h. Duration of the journey

Less than 2 hours 2-4 hours 4-6 hours 6-8 hours

More than 8 hours Total

No. of routes (2019)

0

Percentage of routes (2019)

0%

8

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019)

20%

19

47.5%

9

22.5%

4

10%

40

100%

Table 26. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 domestic routes for France, according to the methodology used for 2019. No routes could be travelled by train in less than 2 hours in 2019, and none of the top 3 domestic routes could be travelled in less than 4 hours, i.e. Paris to Toulouse, Nice and Marseille. The average speed of these 3 routes was slightly above the average for domestic journeys in France. 35 of the top 40 domestic routes for France either connected Paris to other cities or required a transfer in Paris. No route required more than 2 transfers, but a transfer was sometimes needed even to travel on some of the 3 most popular domestic routes.

Domestic night trains were virtually absent in France in 2019, so very few routes came with a night-train option; almost all of them built on the Paris-Toulouse night-train connection.

38

0.0 4.3

13.4

2.0 0.9

20.5

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Germany

Germany Train alternatives for the top 40 intra-EU routes for Germany Train alternatives were available in 2019 for 39 of the top 40 routes for Germany which could in principle be travelled by train. The only exception was the Munich-Athens route, as there was no direct train connection to Greece in the covered period.

The average duration of the train journey was 10h08 in 2019, ranging from 3h08 for the Brussels-Frankfurt journey to 41h32 for Helsinki-Berlin. The median was 7h45. 13 routes, i.e. 32.5% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours. The average length of the journey on these routes is 1102 km, ranging from 406 km for the Brussels-Frankfurt journey to 2949 km for HelsinkiBerlin. The median is 873 km.

The average speed of the journey was 120 km/h in 2019, ranging from 71 km/h for the Helsinki-Berlin journey to 182 km/h for Paris-Frankfurt. The median was 119 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 134 km/h. Duration of the journey Less than 4 hours 4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Cannot be travelled by train Total

No. of routes (2019)

6

Percentage of routes (2019)

15%

7

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 8.4

17.5%

7

8.1

17.5%

13

7.4

32.5%

6

10.4

15%

1

4.5

2.5%

40

1.1

100%

39.7

Table 27. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 intra-EU routes for Germany, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 6 routes could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019. They were all covered by daytime direct connections and they were all domestic routes, except for Paris-Frankfurt and Brussels-Frankfurt. More than 1 million passengers were carried by plane on all these routes in 2019, except for Brussels-Frankfurt. The group included the most popular flying route for Germany (Frankfurt-Berlin).

All these routes featured an average speed higher than the German average. The longest and the fastest route was Paris-Frankfurt (664 km, 182 km/h). Route

Brussels-Frankfurt Frankfurt-Munich Frankfurt-Paris

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

3h08

578,559

3h14

1,146,439

3h39

1,042,112

39

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

Route

Frankfurt-Berlin

Frankfurt-Hamburg Berlin-Munich

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

3h46

2,248,754

3h59

1,934,712

3h58

1,426,732

Table 28. List of the routes where the train journey takes less than 4 hours among the top 40 intra-EU routes for Germany, according to the methodology used for 2019. No. of transfers

Direct train

No. of routes (2019)

1-2 transfers

17

Percentage of routes (2019)

42.5%

19

3 or more transfers

47.5%

3

Cannot be travelled by train

7.5%

1

Total

2.5%

40

100%

Table 29. Top 40 intra-EU routes for Germany by no. of required transfers, according to the methodology used for 2019. 92% of the top 40 routes for Germany that could be travelled by train could be travelled with either direct trains or with maximum 2 transfers in 2019, the most notable exception being Madrid-Munich (4 transfers needed). All journeys involving 3 or more transfers were very long both in terms of distance and of duration. On average, 0.9 transfers were needed per 1000 km of travel by train in 2019. Direct trains covered on average 629 km. The average length of the route increased to 957 km for routes that included one transfer, and to 1744 km for routes that included two. The higher the number of transfers, the lower the average speed of the journey. In 2021, passengers need less than 6 hours in order to travel 37.5% of the top 40 intra-EU routes for Germany that can be travelled by train. These routes include 9 of the 10 busiest routes in Germany. 11 out of the 15 of the routes with a travel time below 6 hours are domestic ones, none of them is below 3 hours of duration. Duration of the journey Less than 4 hours 4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Cannot be travelled by train Total

No. of routes (2021)

7

Percentage of routes (2021)

17.5%

8

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019)

20%

5

12.5%

15

37.5%

4

10%

1

2.5%

40

100%

Table 30. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 routes for Germany, according to the methodology used for 2021.

40

9.3 9.9 4.7

12.1

2.7 1.1

39.7

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Night-train alternatives Boarding one or more night trains is…

Necessary

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

22

55%

6

Optional

Not possible, but the route is served by a daytime-train under 6 hours

15%

6

15%

Not possible, and the route is served by no daytime-train under 6 hours

5

13%

Total

1

40

3%

The route cannot be travelled by train

100%

Table 31. Night-train coverage of the top-40 intra-EU routes for Germany. For 33 of the 39 routes included in the dataset that could be travelled by train, it was possible in 2019 to depart after 7am in the morning and reach the target destination by midnight. This was not possible for a few long international routes connecting German cities to Spain or the Nordic countries, where travelers needed to board 1 or more night trains.

22 of the 33 routes that could be travelled daytime came with a nighttrain option in 2019. On average, daytime travel took 7h50 hours and involved 0.8 transfers on these routes, while nighttime travel took 11h56 and involved 0.7 transfers. The average speed of such journeys involving a night train was 82 km/h, while the average speed of daytime journeys was 123 km/h. Night travel took longer than daytime travel on all these routes; it was particularly uncompetitive on the Frankfurt-Milan and FrankfurtBarcelona routes in the covered period. 11 out of the top 40 routes for Germany could only be travelled daytime in 2019. Most of them consisted of relatively short routes that were covered by relatively fast trains, so that travel time was below or around 6 hours. A night-train option would probably be competitive on the remaining routes, such as Frankfurt to Copenhagen for instance. No. of routes (2019)

Type of nigh-train option available Direct night train

Connecting night train (journey takes < 16h in total) Connecting night train (journey takes > 16h in total) Total

10

8

10 28

Table 32. Type of night-train services for the top-40 intra-EU routes for Germany where this option is available. A direct night train existed on 10 of the 28 routes where the night travel option was available in 2019 (mostly routes connecting Vienna to large German cities); on average these journeys took 9h32 and covered 730 km.

Train alternatives for the top 40 domestic routes for Germany Train alternatives existed in 2019 for all the top 40 domestic short-haul flight routes for Germany which could in principle be travelled by train.

41

Percentage of routes (2019)

36% 29% 36%

100%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

The average duration of the train journey was 4h13 in 2019, ranging from 1h18 for the Frankfurt-Stuttgart journey to 6h33 hours for DüsseldorfDresden. The median was 4h12; 88% of the routes could be covered in less than 6 hours.

The average length of the journey on these routes is 537 km, ranging from 171 km for the Nuernberg-Munich journey to 876 km for MunichBremen. The median is 554 km. The average speed of the journey was 128 km/h in 2019, ranging from 98 km/h for the Nuremberg-Munich journey to 163 km/h for FrankfurtHamburg. The median was 126 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 131 km/h. Duration of the journey

Less than 2 hours 2-4 hours 4-6 hours

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

3

7.5%

14

More than 8 hours Total

0.9

35%

18

6-8 hours

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 9.3

45%

5

9.9

12.5%

0

2.7

0%

40

0.0

100%

22.7

Table 33. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 domestic routes for Germany, according to the methodology used for 2019. 42.5% of the top 40 domestic routes for Germany could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019, and in 3 cases even in less than 2 hours. They included the two most popular domestic routes: Berlin-Frankfurt and Berlin-Munich. Route

Frankfurt-Stuttgart

Frankfurt-Düsseldorf Munich-Nuremberg

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

1h18

325,219

1h45

130,882

1h22

383,580

Table 34. List of the routes where the train journey takes less than 2 hours among the top 40 domestic routes for Germany, according to the methodology used for 2019. Most routes were served by direct trains, and only two (FriedrichshafenFrankfurt and Cologne-Dresden) required more than one transfer in 2019. 13 routes came with a night-train option, but this option was available for all the longest domestic routes; most of such night trains connected Munich or Stuttgart with large cities in the north.

42

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Italy

Italy Train alternatives for the top 40 intra-EU routes for Italy Train alternatives were available in 2019 for 39 of the top 40 routes for Italy which could in principle be travelled by train. The only exception was the Rome-Athens route, as there was no operating train connection from foreign countries to Greece in the covered period.

The average duration of the train journey was 11h53 in 2019, ranging from 2h56 for the Rome-Milan journey to 40h32 hours for RomeBucharest. The median was 11h21. 6 routes, i.e. 15% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours.

The average length of the journey on these routes is 1285 km, ranging from 503 km for the Rome-Bari journey to 3196 km for Rome-Madrid. The median is 1144 km. The average speed of the journey was 115 km/h in 2019, ranging from 55 km/h for the Rome-Bucharest journey to 194 km/h for Rome-Milan. The median was 111 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 148 km/h. Duration of the journey Less than 4 hours 4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Cannot be travelled by train Total

No. of routes (2019)

2

Percentage of routes (2019)

5%

4

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 2.0

10%

3

3.0

7.5%

25

62.5%

5

12.5%

1

3.6

26.6

4.8

2.5%

40

100%

0.8

40.7

Table 35. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 intra-EU routes for Italy, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 2 routes could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019. Both of them were domestic routes covered by daytime direct connections. Rome-Milan is among the busiest flying routes in Europe, carrying more than 1 million passengers per year. None of these two routes made it to the top 10 most popular intra-EU routes for Italy, however. Both routes featured an average speed higher than the Italian average. Route

Rome-Milan Rome-Bari

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

2h56 3h59

Table 36. List of the routes where the train journey takes less than 4 hours among the top 40 intra-EU routes for Italy, according to the methodology used for 2019.

43

1,198,119

765,162

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

No. of transfers

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

No. of routes (2019)

Direct train

7

1-2 transfers

26

Cannot be travelled by train

1

3 or more transfers

Percentage of routes (2019)

17.5%

65%

6

Total

15%

2.5%

40

100%

Table 37. Top 40 intra-EU routes for Italy by no. of required transfers, according to the methodology used for 2019. Most routes could be travelled with either direct trains or with maximum 2 transfers in 2019. The most notable exceptions were Milan-Vienna (daytime), Rome-Madrid and Milan-Madrid. On average, 1.1 transfers were needed per 1000 km of travel by train in 2019. Direct trains covered on average 686 km. The average length of the route increased to 1183 km for routes that included one transfer, and to 1635 km for routes that included two. The higher the number of transfers, the lower the average speed of the journey – except for night trains, where the combination with a fast daytime train could actually prove beneficial.

In 2021, passengers need less than 6 hours in order to travel 15% of the top 40 intra-EU routes for Italy that can be travelled by train. These routes include only 1 of the 10 busiest routes in Italy (Milan-Naples, the 10th busiest) and they are all domestic ones. Only one of these routes is below 3 hours of duration (Rome-Milan). Duration of the journey Less than 4 hours

No. of routes (2021)

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

2

Cannot be travelled by train

1

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 2.0

10%

5

22

Total

5%

4

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Percentage of routes (2021)

3.0

12.5%

6.0

55%

6

22.8

15%

6.2

2.5%

40

0.8

100%

40.7

Table 38. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 routes for Italy, according to the methodology used for 2021.

Night-train alternatives Boarding one or more night trains is…

Necessary

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

34

85%

5

Optional

Not possible, but the route is served by a daytime-train under 6 hours Not possible, and the route is served by no daytime-train under 6 hours The route cannot be travelled by train

44

13%

0

0%

0

0%

1

3%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

Boarding one or more night trains is…

Total

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

40

100%

Table 39. Night-train coverage of the top-40 intra-EU routes for Italy. For 34 of the 39 routes included in the dataset that could be travelled by train, it was possible in 2019 to depart after 7am in the morning and reach the target destination by midnight. This was not possible for 5 routes, where travelers needed to board 1 or more night trains; all these cases involved an international journey more than 16 hours and 2000 km long.

All routes that could be travelled during the daytime also came with a night-train option in 2019. On average, daytime travel took 9h46 and involved 1.3 transfers on these routes, while nighttime travel took 13h09 and involved 0.8 transfers. The average speed of such journeys involving a night train was 89 km/h, while the average speed of daytime journeys was 116 km/h. Night travel took longer than daytime travel on all these routes; it was particularly uncompetitive on the Milan-Frankfurt and Milan-Munich routes in the covered period. No. of routes (2019)

Type of nigh-train option available Direct night train

Connecting night train (journey takes < 16h in total)

13 13

Connecting night train (journey takes > 16h in total)

13

Total

39

Percentage of routes (2019)

33% 33% 33%

100%

Table 40. Type of night-train services for the top-40 intra-EU routes for Italy where this option is available. A direct night train existed on 13 of the 39 routes where the night travel option was available in 2019, including to foreign destinations such as Paris, Vienna and Munich; on average these journeys took 10h18 and cover 821 km.

Train alternatives for the top 40 domestic routes for Italy Train alternatives existed in 2019 for all of the top 40 domestic shorthaul flight routes for Italy which could in principle be travelled by train.

The average duration of the train journey was 8h42 in 2019, ranging from a minimum of 1h10 for the Naples-Rome journey to 21h23 for MilanTrapani. The median was 9h03. 15 routes, i.e. 37.5% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours.

The average length of the journey on these routes is 903 km, ranging from 222 km for the Naples-Rome journey to 1657 km for Milan-Trapani. The median is 876 km. The average speed of the journey was 118 km/h in 2019, ranging from 71 km/h for the Catania-Naples journey to 196 km/h for Florence-Rome. The median was 105 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 147 km/h. Duration of the journey

Less than 2 hours

No. of routes (2019)

2

Percentage of routes (2019)

5%

45

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 0.6

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

Duration of the journey

2-4 hours 4-6 hours 6-8 hours

More than 8 hours Total

No. of routes (2019)

5

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Percentage of routes (2019)

12.5%

8

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 3.1

20%

6

4.0

15%

19

1.2

47.5%

40

13.5

100%

22.3

Table 41. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 domestic routes for Italy, according to the methodology used for 2019. 2 routes could be travelled by train in less than 2 hours in 2019: Route

Rome-Naples

Rome-Florence

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

1h10

310,270

1h20

263,656

Table 42. List of the routes where the train journey takes less than 2 hours among the top 40 domestic routes for Italy, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 18% of the top 40 domestic routes for Italy could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019. In fact, travel time by train was above 8 hours for 4 of the 5 most popular routes, which connected the mainland to Sicily. The average speed of these 4 routes was well below the average for domestic journeys in Italy.

15 routes were served by direct trains in 2019, while the rest of them was served by trains which involved one transfer; only 4 routes involved 2 transfers and none more than 2. For a large majority of trains involving a transfer, Rome was the city where the transfer occurred. All routes came with a night-train option in 2019, except for short routes served by fast trains and for the Milan-Pescara route.

46

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Spain

Spain Train alternatives for the top 40 intra-EU routes for Spain Train alternatives existed in 2019 for all the top 40 intra-EU short-haul flight routes for Spain which could in principle be travelled by train. The average duration of the train journey was 13h01 in 2019, ranging from 2h30 for the Madrid-Barcelona journey to 29h00 for BarcelonaPrague. The median was 10h28. 8 routes, i.e. 20% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours. The average length of the journey on these routes is 1564 km, ranging from 470 km for Madrid-Seville to 3196 km for Rome-Madrid. The median is 1548 km.

The average speed of the journey was 131 km/h in 2019, ranging from 69 km/h for the Madrid-Lisbon journey to 248 km/h for Madrid-Barcelona. The median was 121 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 148 km/h. Duration of the journey

Less than 4 hours

No. of routes (2019)

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours Total

Percentage of routes (2019)

2

5%

6

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 3.1

15%

5

12.5%

10

25%

17

4.5 5.2

42.5%

40

18.7

8.3

100%

39.7

Table 43. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 intra-EU routes for Spain, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 2 routes could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019. Both were domestic routes covered by daytime direct connections. MadridBarcelona was the busiest intra-EU route for Spain and it was among the busiest flying routes in Europe, carrying more than 1 million passengers per year. Both routes featured an average speed much higher than the Spanish average. Route

Madrid-Barcelona Madrid-Seville

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

2h30

2,572,844

2h32

486,437

Table 44. List of the routes where the train journey takes less than 4 hours among intra-EU routes for Spain, according to the methodology used for 2019.

Direct train

No. of transfers

No. of routes (2019)

1-2 transfers

7

20

47

Percentage of routes (2019)

17.5%

50%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

No. of transfers

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

No. of routes (2019)

3 or more transfers

13

Total

Percentage of routes (2019)

32.5%

40

100%

Table 45. Top 40 intra-EU routes for Spain by no. of required transfers, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 68% of the top 40 routes for Spain could be travelled with either direct trains or with maximum 2 transfers in 2019, the most notable exceptions being Barcelona-Prague, Barcelona-Lisbon and Madrid-Munich. Journeys involving 3 or more transfers tended to be very long in terms of distance however. On average, 1.2 transfers were needed per 1000 km of travel by train in 2019. Direct trains covered on average 663 km; the average length of the route increased to 1219 km for routes that included one transfer, and to 2071 km for routes that included two. The higher the number of transfers, the lower the average speed of the journey – except for night trains, where the opposite was true. In 2021, passengers need less than 6 hours in order to travel 25% of the top 40 intra-EU routes for Spain that can be travelled by train. These routes include only 1 of the 10 busiest routes in Spain. 2 routes are just over 2 hours of duration (Madrid-Sevilla and Madrid-Barcelona), while the rest are above 4 hours of duration. All of the routes with a travel time below 6 hours are domestic ones. Duration of the journey

Less than 4 hours

No. of routes (2021)

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours Total

2

Percentage of routes (2021)

5%

8

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 3.1

20%

3

5.8

7.5%

13

3.8

32.5%

14

15.1

35%

40

14.4

100%

39.7

Table 46. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 routes for Spain, according to the methodology used for 2021.

Night-train alternatives Boarding one or more night trains is…

Necessary

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

19

48%

11

Optional

Not possible, but the route is served by a daytime-train under 6 hours

Not possible, and the route is served by no daytime-train under 6 hours Total

7

17%

3

8%

40

100%

Table 47. Night-train coverage of the top-40 intra-EU routes for Spain. For 29 of the top 40 routes for Spain, it was possible in 2019 to depart after 7am in the morning and reach the target destination by midnight. This was not possible for 11 routes, where travelers needed to board 1

48

28%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

night train. All these cases involved international journeys more than 16 hours long, except for Barcelona-Porto.

19 of the 29 routes that could be travelled daytime came with a night-train option in 2019. On average, daytime travel took 11h02 and involved 1.9 transfers on these routes, while nighttime travel took 17h41 and involved 1.8 transfers. The average speed of such journeys involving a night train was 86 km/h, while the average speed of daytime journeys was 132 km/h.

Night travel took much longer than daytime travel on all these routes in 2019; it was particularly uncompetitive on the Barcelona-Paris route in the covered period and on all the routes that passed through this stretch. The only exceptions were the journeys from Madrid or Barcelona to Lisbon or Porto, mainly because these routes were badly served during daytime.

10 out of the 40 top routes for Spain presented no night-train option in 2019. Except for Barcelona-Munich, they all consisted of relatively short domestic routes, covered by quite fast trains, so that travel time was below or around 6 hours for all of them. No. of routes (2019)

Type of nigh-train option available Direct night train

Connecting night train (journey takes < 16h in total)

3 4

Connecting night train (journey takes > 16h in total)

23

Total

30

Percentage of routes (2019)

10% 13% 77%

100%

Table 48. Type of night-train services for the top-40 intra-EU routes for Spain where this option is available. A direct night train existed on 3 of the 30 routes where the night travel option was available in 2019. On most routes 1 to 3 transfers were required, but even more were necessary in order to travel for instance from Madrid to Munich or from Barcelona to Prague.

Train alternatives for the top 40 domestic routes for Spain Train alternatives were available in 2019 for all the top 40 domestic short-haul flight routes for Spain which could in principle be travelled by train, i.e. excluding routes to Baleares or Canarias islands.

The average duration of the train journey was 6h23 in 2019, ranging from 1h41 for the Valencia-Madrid journey to 12h04 hours for BarcelonaVigo. The median was 6h34. 18 routes, i.e. 45% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours. The average length of the journey on these routes is 861 km, ranging from 353 km for the Valencia-Barcelona journey to 1372 km for Barcelona-A Coruna. The median is 909 km. The average speed of the journey was 142 km/h in 2019, ranging from 90 km/h for the Madrid-Almeria journey to 248 km/h for Madrid-Barcelona. The median was 130 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 143 km/h. Duration of the journey

Less than 2 hours 2-4 hours

No. of routes (2019)

1

Percentage of routes (2019)

2.5%

6

15%

49

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 0.4 4.1

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

Duration of the journey

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

More than 8 hours Total

No. of routes (2019)

11

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Percentage of routes (2019)

27.5%

8

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019)

20%

14

35%

40

100%

Table 49. Duration of the train journey for the top 40 domestic routes for Spain, according to the methodology used for 2019. Among the top 40 domestic routes, only one route could be travelled by train in less than 2 hours in 2019 (Valencia-Madrid, 1h41).

Only 18% of the top 40 domestic routes for Spain could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019. Except for Madrid-Barcelona, travel time by train was above 4 hours for 4 of the 5 most popular routes, but the average speed of these routes was well above the average for domestic journeys in Spain.

15 routes were served by direct trains, while 19 involved one transfer – almost always in Madrid. A few routes required 2 transfers, such as the routes connecting Barcelona to the North-West. Only 3 routes came with a night-train option in 2019. However, such an option would probably be competitive on other domestic routes as well, since routes where daytime travel took more than 6 hours were 1062 km long on average (e.g. Barcelona-Bilbao).

50

5.5 3.2 2.8

15.8

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Austria

Austria Train alternatives for the top 30 intra-EU routes for Austria Train alternatives were available in 2019 for 29 of the top 30 intra-EU short-haul flight routes for Austria which could in principle be travelled by train. The only exception was the Vienna-Athens route, as there was no operating train connection in the covered period.

The average duration of the train journey was 10h38 in 2019, ranging from 3h57 for the Vienna-Prague journey to 29h38 for Vienna-Sofia. The median was 9h25. 5 routes, i.e. 17% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours. The average length of the journey on these routes is 916 km, ranging from 402 km for the Vienna-Prague journey to 1930 km for ViennaBarcelona. The median is 937 km.

The average speed of the journey was 100 km/h in 2019, ranging from 56 km/h for the Vienna-Sofia journey to 169 km/h for Vienna-Hannover. The median was 108 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 106 km/h. Duration of the journey Less than 4 hours 4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Cannot be travelled by train Total

No. of routes (2019)

1

Percentage of routes (2019)

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019)

3%

4

0.2

13%

6

1.2

20%

13

2.7

43%

5

7.2

17%

1

2.4

3%

30

0.4

100%

13.9

Table 50. Duration of the train journey for the top 30 intra-EU routes for Austria, according to the methodology used for 2019. Among the top 30 intra-EU routes for Austria, only 1 route could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019, i.e. Vienna-Prague (3h57). It was covered by daytime direct connections. In terms of flying passenger traffic, however, Vienna-Prague was only the 28th busiest intra-EU route for Austria. No. of transfers

Direct train

No. of routes (2019)

6

1-2 transfers

18

Cannot be travelled by train

1

3 or more transfers

Percentage of routes (2019)

5

Total

30

Table 51. Top 30 intra-EU routes for Austria by no. of required transfers, according to the methodology used for 2019.

51

20% 60% 17%

3%

100%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

83% of the top 30 routes for Austria that could be travelled by train were served by either direct trains or by trains involving maximum 2 transfers in 2019. The most notable exceptions were Vienna-Milan (daytime) and Vienna-Barcelona.

On average, 1.4 transfers were needed per 1000 km of travel by train in 2019. Direct trains covered on average 675 km; the average length of the route increased to 806 km for routes that included one transfer, and to 911 km for routes that included two. The average speed of the journey was actually higher for journeys involving 1 transfer compared to direct journeys.

In 2021, passengers need less than 6 hours in order to travel 20% of the top 30 intra-EU routes for Austria that can be travelled by train. These routes include none of the 10 busiest routes in Austria. No routes are below 4 hours of duration. Almost all of the routes with a travel time below 6 hours are international ones (5 out of 6). Duration of the journey Less than 4 hours

No. of routes (2021)

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Cannot be travelled by train Total

0

Percentage of routes (2021)

0%

6

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 0.0

20%

5

1.6

17%

12

2.5

40%

6

6.9

20%

1

2.6

3%

30

0.4

100%

13.9

Table 52. Duration of the train journey for the top 30 routes for Austria, according to the methodology used for 2021.

Night-train alternatives Boarding one or more night trains is…

Necessary

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

19

63%

4

Optional

Not possible, but the route is served by a daytime-train under 6 hours

13%

2

7%

Not possible, and the route is served by no daytime-train under 6 hours

4

13%

Total

1

30

3%

The route cannot be travelled by train

Table 53. Night-train coverage of the top-30 intra-EU routes for Austria. For 25 of the 29 routes included in the dataset that could be travelled by train, it was possible in 2019 to depart after 7am in the morning and reach the target destination by midnight. This was not possible for 4 routes (Vienna to Barcelona, Bucharest, Sofia and Stockholm), where travelers needed to board 1 or more night trains.

19 of the 25 routes that could be travelled daytime came with a nighttrain option in 2019. On average, daytime travel took 8h50 and involved 1.4 transfers on these routes, while nighttime travel took 11h16 and involved 0.4 transfers. The average speed of such journeys involving a night train was 81 km/h, while the average speed of daytime journeys was 108

52

100%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

km/h. Night travel took longer than daytime travel on all these routes, except for Vienna-Copenhagen and Vienna-Bologna.

6 out of the 29 routes that could be travelled by train presented no night-train option in 2019; they were all international intra-EU routes. Two of them consisted of relatively short routes with a travel time below 6 hours. A night-train option would probably be competitive on some of the remaining routes, such as Vienna to Brussels or Warsaw. No. of routes (2019)

Type of nigh-train option available Direct night train

Connecting night train (journey takes < 16h in total) Connecting night train (journey takes > 16h in total) Total

13

5 5

23

Percentage of routes (2019)

57% 22% 22%

100%

Table 54. Type of night-train services for the top-30 intra-EU routes for Austria where this option is available. A direct night train existed on 13 of the 23 routes where the night travel option was available in 2019, including to the most popular foreign destination for Austria (Frankfurt) and to a relatively distant city like Hamburg; on average these journeys took 10h44 and covered 835 km.

Train alternatives for the top 4 domestic routes for Austria All the top 4 domestic flight routes for Austria could also be travelled by train in less than 6 hours in 2019.

The average duration of the train journey was 3h19, ranging from 2h28 for the Vienna-Graz journey to 4h14 hours for Vienna-Innsbruck.

The average length of the journey on these routes is 358 km, ranging from 208 km for the Vienna-Graz journey to 591 km for Vienna-Innsbruck. The average speed of the journey was 105 km/h, ranging from 84 km/h for the Vienna-Graz journey to 140 km/h for Vienna-Innsbruck. Duration of the journey

Less than 2 hours 2-4 hours 4-6 hours Total

No. of routes (2019)

0

3 1 4

Percentage of routes (2019)

0%

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019)

75% 25%

100%

Table 55. Duration of the train journey for the top 4 domestic routes for Austria, according to the methodology used for 2019. All routes were served by direct trains in 2019. Only the Vienna-Innsbruck route came with a direct night-train option, lasting 6h24.

53

0.0 0.4 0.2 0.6

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Belgium

Belgium Train alternatives for the top 30 intra-EU routes for Belgium Train alternatives were available in 2019 for all the top 30 intra-EU short-haul flight routes for Belgium which could in principle be travelled by train.

The average duration of the train journey was 10h39 in 2019, ranging from 1h22 for the Brussels-Paris journey to 22h00 for Brussels-Stockholm. The median was 13h06. 6 routes, i.e. 20% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours. The average length of the journey on these routes is 1258 km, ranging from 212 km for the Brussels-Amsterdam journey to 2042 km for Brussels-Madrid. The median is 1338 km.

The average speed of the journey was 129 km/h, ranging from 77 km/h for the Brussels-Stockholm journey to 228 km/h for Brussels-Paris. The median was 120 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 157 km/h. Duration of the journey

Less than 4 hours 4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours Total

No. of routes (2019)

3

Percentage of routes (2019)

10%

3

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 1.1

10%

4

0.8

13%

16

1.5

53%

4

8.7

13%

30

1.2

100%

13.1

Table 56. Duration of the train journey for the top 30 intra-EU routes for Belgium, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 3 routes could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019 – 2 of them took less than two hours. All three were covered by daytime direct connections; Brussels-Paris featured an average speed much higher than the average for Belgium, while Brussels-Amsterdam was below it. Only the Brussels-Frankfurt route featured in the top-10 list of the busiest intra-EU flying routes for Belgium. Route

Brussels-Paris

Brussels-Amsterdam Brussels-Frankfurt

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

1h22

196,534

3h08

578,559

1h52

281,812

Table 57. List of the routes where the journey takes less than 4 hours among the top 30 intra-EU routes for Belgium, according to the methodology used for 2019.

54

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

No. of transfers

Direct train

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

No. of routes (2019)

3

1-2 transfers

19

Total

30

3 or more transfers

Percentage of routes (2019)

10% 63%

8

27%

100%

Table 58. Top 30 intra-EU routes for Belgium by no. of required transfers, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 73% of the top 30 routes for Belgium were served by either direct trains or by trains involving maximum 2 transfers in 2019. Even a very popular route such as Brussels-Rome required 3 transfers.

On average, 1.5 transfers were needed per 1000 km of travel by train. Direct trains (i.e. Brussels-Paris, Brussels-London and Brussels-Frankfurt) covered on average 310 km. The average length of the route increased to 987 km for routes that included one transfer, and to 1496 km for routes that included two. The higher the number of transfers, the lower the average speed of the journey – except for night trains, where the difference was very limited. In 2021, passengers need less than 6 hours in order to travel 20% of the top 30 intra-EU routes for Belgium that can be travelled by train. These routes include only 1 of the 10 busiest routes in Belgium (BrusselsFrankfurt). 2 routes are below 2 hours of duration (Brussels-Paris and Brussels-Amsterdam), while the rest takes more than 3 hours to travel. None of these routes is domestic. Duration of the journey Less than 4 hours

No. of routes (2021)

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Cannot be travelled by train Total

4

Percentage of routes (2021)

13%

2

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 1.3

7%

4

13%

4

13%

15

0.5 1.5

50%

1

8.1 1.2

3%

30

0.6

100%

13.1

Table 59. Duration of the train journey for the top 30 routes for Belgium, according to the methodology used for 2021.

Night-train alternatives Boarding one or more night trains is…

Necessary

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

13

43%

3

Optional

Not possible, but the route is served by a daytime-train under 6 hours Not possible, and the route is served by no daytime-train under 6 hours Total

6

20%

8

27%

30

Table 60. Night-train coverage of the top-30 intra-EU routes for Belgium.

55

10%

100%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

For 27 of the top 30 routes for Belgium, it was possible in 2019 to depart after 7am in the morning and reach the target destination by midnight. This was not possible for 3 long routes, where travelers needed to board 1 or more night trains (Brussels to Porto, Stockholm and Zagreb).

13 of the 27 routes that could be travelled daytime came with a nighttrain option in 2019. On average, daytime travel took 12h04 and involved 2.2 transfers on these routes, while nighttime travel took 17h52 and involved 2.2 transfers. The average speed of such journeys involving a night train was 93 km/h, while the average speed of daytime journeys was 131 km/h. Night travel took longer than daytime travel on all these routes; it was particularly uncompetitive on the Brussels-Barcelona route in the covered period and on the other routes passing through that stretch. 14 out of the top 30 routes for Belgium presented no night-train option in 2019. About half of them consisted of relatively short routes or routes that were served by fast trains, so that travel time was below or around 6 hours. A night-train option would probably be competitive on the remaining routes, that included popular routes such as Brussels-Warsaw and Brussels-Copenhagen. No. of routes (2019)

Type of nigh-train option available Direct night train

Connecting night train (journey takes < 16h in total) Connecting night train (journey takes > 16h in total) Total

0

0%

3

19%

16

100%

13

Table 61. Type of night-train services for the top-30 intra-EU routes for Belgium where this option is available. No direct night train existed on the 16 routes where the night travel option was available in 2019. On most routes 1 to 3 transfers were required, and even more in the case of Brussels-Alicante and Brussels-Stockholm. A Brussels-Vienna direct night train exists in 2021, however.

56

Percentage of routes (2019)

81%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

The Netherlands

The Netherlands Train alternatives for the top 30 intra-EU routes for the Netherlands Train alternatives were available in 2019 for all the top 30 intra-EU shorthaul routes for the Netherlands which could in principle be travelled by train. Amsterdam-Paris was the busiest intra-EU route for the Netherlands.

The average duration of the train journey was 11h58 in 2019, ranging from 1h52 for the Brussels-Amsterdam journey to 54h57 for AmsterdamHelsinki. The median was 14h37. 87 routes, i.e. 27% of the routes included in this list, could be travelled in less than 6 hours. No routes in the list were covered by a direct night train. The average length on these routes is 1204 km, ranging from 212 km for the Brussels-Amsterdam journey to 3060 km for Amsterdam-Helsinki. The median is 1351 km.

The average speed of the journey was 111 km/h in 2019, ranging from 56 km/h for the Amsterdam-Helsinki journey to 167 km/h for AmsterdamLyon. The median was 98 km/h. The average speed for daytime direct trains was 116 km/h. Duration of the journey

Less than 4 hours

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours Total

No. of routes (2019)

3

Percentage of routes (2019)

10%

5

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 1.9

17%

3

2.4

10%

14

2.3

47%

5

10.5

17%

30

2.5

100%

19.8

Table 62. Duration of the train journey for the top 30 intra-EU routes for the Netherlands, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 3 routes could be travelled by train in less than 4 hours in 2019. They were all covered by daytime direct connections. Route

Amsterdam-Brussels

Amsterdam-Düsseldorf Amsterdam-Paris

Duration (2019)

No. of air passengers (both ways) (2019)

1h52

281,812

3h23

1,388,051

2h14

257,004

Table 63. List of the routes for the Netherlands where the journey takes less than 4 hours among the top 30 intra-EU routes for the Netherlands, according to the methodology used for 2019. No. of transfers

Direct train

No. of routes (2019)

57

5

Percentage of routes (2019)

17%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

No. of transfers

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

No. of routes (2019)

1-2 transfers

3 or more transfers

Percentage of routes (2019)

17

57%

8

Total

27%

30

100%

Table 64. Top 30 intra-EU routes for the Netherlands by no. of required transfers, according to the methodology used for 2019. Only 73% of the top 30 routes for the Netherlands were served by either direct trains or by trains involving maximum 2 transfers in 2019. Even a very popular and relatively short route such as Amsterdam-Copenhagen required 4 transfers. On average, 1.5 transfers were needed per 1000 km of travel by train. Direct trains covered on average 413 km; the average length of the route increased to 965 km for routes that included one transfer, and to 1416 km for routes that included two. The average speed of the journey was higher for daytime routes involving 1 transfer compared to direct routes, as well as for nighttime routes involving 2 transfers compared to those involving 1 transfer. In 2021, passengers need less than 6 hours in order to travel 20% of the top 30 intra-EU routes for the Netherlands. These routes include only 2 of the 10 busiest routes in the Netherlands (but they include the top one, Amsterdam-Paris, which moves around 1.4 million air passengers per year). 1 route is below 2 hours of duration (Brussels-Amsterdam). None of these routes is domestic. Duration of the journey

Less than 4 hours

No. of routes (2021)

4-6 hours 6-8 hours

4

13%

2 16

Total

30

Cumulative no. of air passengers for these routes (M, 2019) 2.8

7%

5

8-16 hours

More than 16 hours

Percentage of routes (2021)

0.8

17%

2.9

53%

3

10.3

10%

2.7

100%

19.8

Table 65. Duration of the train journey for the top 30 routes for the Netherlands, according to the methodology used for 2021.

Night-train alternatives Boarding one or more night trains is…

No. of routes (2019)

Percentage of routes (2019)

2

7%

Necessary Optional

Not possible, but the route is served by a daytime-train under 6 hours Not possible, and the route is served by no daytime-train under 6 hours Total

12

40%

8

27%

8

27%

30

100%

Table 66. Night-train coverage of the top-30 intra-EU routes for the Netherlands.

58

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

For 28 of the 30 routes included in the dataset, it was possible in 2019 to depart after 7am in the morning and reach the target destination by midnight. This was not possible for Amsterdam-Naples and AmsterdamHelsinki, where travelers needed to board 1 or more night trains; both involved an international journey more than 16 hours long.

Out of the 28 routes that could be travelled daytime, 12 came with a night-train option. On average, daytime travel took 14h01 and involved 2.3 transfers on these routes, while nighttime travel took 18h27 and involved 2.0 transfers. The average speed of such journeys involving a night train was 84 km/h, while the average speed of daytime journeys was 109 km/h. Night travel took longer than daytime travel on all these routes; it was particularly uncompetitive on the Amsterdam-Barcelona route in the covered period and on the other routes passing through that stretch.

16 out of the top 30 routes for the Netherlands presented no night-train option in 2019. About half of them consisted of relatively short routes or routes that were served by fast trains, so that travel time was below or around 6 hours. A night-train option would probably be competitive on the remaining routes, which included popular ones such as Amsterdam to Copenhagen or Prague. No. of routes (2019)

Type of nigh-train option available Direct night train

Connecting night train (journey takes < 16h in total) Connecting night train (journey takes > 16h in total) Total

0

0%

3

21%

14

100%

11

Table 67. Type of night-train services for the top-30 intra-EU routes for the Netherlands where this option is available. No direct night train existed on the 12 routes where the night travel option was available in 2019. On most routes 1 to 3 transfers were required. An Amsterdam-Vienna direct night train exists in 2021 however.

59

Percentage of routes (2019)

79%

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

ANNEX

60

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

The following tables refer to 2021 and list all the short-haul flight routes which can be travelled by train in less than 6 hours, or which come with reasonable night-train alternatives (i.e. direct night trains or night-train options lasting less than 12 hours in total). The key differences with 2019 data are highlighted after each table.

Top 150 intra-EU routes10 Route served in less than 6h

Route served by a direct night train

Paris-Toulouse

x

x

Athina-Thessaloniki

x

Connection

Paris-Nice

Madrid-Barcelona Frankfurt-Berlin Milan-Catania

x x x

Munich-Berlin

x

Hamburg-Munich

x

Paris-Marseille

x

Munich-Düsseldorf

x

Frankfurt-Hamburg

x

Rome-Catania

Rome-Palermo Milan-Palermo

Berlin-Cologne

Stockholm-Copenhagen10 Amsterdam-Paris Milan-Naples

Berlin-Stuttgart

Berlin-Düsseldorf Paris-Bordeaux

Milan-Lamezia Terme

Stockholm-Malmö

x

Munich-Paris Lisbon-Porto

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Munich-Cologne

x

x

Barcelona-Sevilla Paris-Frankfurt

x

x

x

Stockholm-Luleå

x

x

Stockholm-Gothenburg Vienna-Frankfurt

x

x

x

Frankfurt-Munich

x

x

Rome-Milan Milan-Bari

x

Route served by a nighttrain option under 12h

x

x x

No. of air passengers (2019) 3,221,467 3,191,073 2,621,638 2,572,844 2,248,754 2,026,011 1,934,712 1,824,588 1,745,720 1,582,685 1,569,716 1,539,626 1,488,902 1,434,481 1,426,732 1,397,474 1,388,051 1,376,954 1,235,068 1,233,072 1,219,673 1,204,651 1,198,119 1,159,746 1,148,015 1,146,439 1,109,793 1,045,828 1,045,029

x x

x

1,042,112 1,022,621 1,018,045 1,014,392 1,008,288

10 The night train to/from Stockholm actually stops in Høje Taastrup, which is part of the Copenhagen metropolitan area.

61

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

Connection Paris-Montpellier

Amsterdam-Munich Vienna-Berlin

Helsinki-Oulu

Vienna-Amsterdam Milan-Brindisi

Route served in less than 6h

Barcelona-Malaga

x

Copenhagen-Aalborg

x

Vienna-Düsseldorf Rome-Bari

Hamburg-Stuttgart

Frankfurt-Budapest Vienna-Hamburg

x

Madrid-A Coruña

x x

Brussels-Frankfurt

x

Paris-Nantes Lyon-Nantes

Vienna-Milan Paris-Brest

Rome-Vienna

Vienna-Stuttgart

Vienna-Munich

x

Stockholm-Berlin Milan-Munich Turin-Rome

x

x

x

x*

x

x x x x x

x

989,296 971,192 966,659 956,641 943,844 885,734 882,532 872,118 848,962 782,849 771,175 765,162 738,375 725,600 720,332 719,692 718,525 715,117 683,927 680,075

x

634,044 629,775 584,312 578,559 568,942 562,382

x

x

x

Hamburg-Düsseldorf

x

No. of air passengers (2019)

835,731

x

Munich-Hannover

Rome-Brindisi

x

x

x

Venice-Naples

x

x

Madrid-Oviedo

Helsinki-Rovaniemi

x

x

x

Paris-Bayonne

Lyon-Bordeaux

x

x

x

Paris-Lyon

Vienna-Bucharest

x

x

x

Madrid-Vigo

x

x

Madrid-Santiago Rome-Munich

Route served by a nighttrain option under 12h

x

x

Madrid-Bilbao

Route served by a direct night train

x

Amsterdam-Frankfurt Stockholm-Umeå

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

x

x x

x

x

x

x*

x

x x

x

x

562,246 562,128 x x x x x x

x x

* = This service used to run daily in 2019 but it now only runs a few days per week.

62

558,401 558,006 548,209 543,716 542,253 535,778 535,673 525,571 522,362 516,452 503,772 489,190

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

All routes taking less than 6 hours in 2021 took less than 6 hours in 2019 as well, except for Hamburg-Munich, Munich-Paris, Madrid-Vigo and Madrid-A Coruña which used to take longer, at least based on the criteria that we used for the collection of 2019 data.

Direct night-train services Paris-Marseille-Nice, Stockholm-Copenhagen, Stockholm-Berlin, and Vienna/Munich-Amsterdam were not in place in 2019, and no night-train option under 12 hours of duration was available for Paris-Marseille-Nice, Milan-Lamezia Terme, Vienna-Düsseldorf, and Amsterdam-Munich. However, back in 2019 direct night trains were in place on the Venice-Milan-Paris, Madrid-Lisbon, Madrid-Vigo and Madrid-A Coruña routes, and a night-train option under 12 hours of duration was also available for Madrid-Porto in 2019.

Top 250 routes in Europe11

Connection

Route served by a direct night train

Route served by a nighttrain option under 12h

x

x

x

x

x

x

Route served in less than 6h

Amsterdam-London

x

Paris-Toulouse

x

London-Edinburgh Paris-Nice

Athina-Thessaloniki Madrid-Barcelona London-Glasgow Frankfurt-Berlin Paris-London

Oslo-Trondheim

x

x x x

x

x

x

x

Milan-Catania Oslo-Bergen

x

Hamburg-Munich

x

Rome-Catania

Oslo-Stavanger Rome-Palermo Paris-Marseille

x

Munich-Düsseldorf

x

Frankfurt-Hamburg

x

Milan-Palermo

Berlin-Cologne

Stockholm-Copenhagen11 Amsterdam-Paris Milan-Naples

Berlin-Stuttgart

Berlin-Düsseldorf Paris-Bordeaux

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x x x x

x

x x

x

x x

x

x

x

x x

Munich-Berlin

x

x

x

x

No. of air passengers (2019) 4,724,508 3,374,701 3,221,467 3,191,073 2,621,638 2,572,844 2,287,012 2,248,754 2,118,570 2,106,608 2,026,011 2,004,018 1,934,712 1,824,588 1,745,720 1,681,389 1,582,685 1,569,716 1,539,626 1,488,902 1,434,481 1,426,732 1,397,474 1,388,051 1,376,954 1,235,068 1,233,072 1,219,673

11 The night train to/from Stockholm actually stops in Høje Taastrup, which is part of the Copenhagen metropolitan area.

63

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

Connection Milan-Lamezia Terme Rome-Milan

Berlin-Zurich Milan-Bari

Stockholm-Gothenburg Frankfurt-Munich Vienna-Frankfurt

Route served in less than 6h

x

Stockholm-Malmö

x

Munich-Paris Lisbon-Porto

Paris-Montpellier

Amsterdam-Munich Vienna-Berlin

Helsinki-Oulu

Vienna-Amsterdam

x x x

x

Barcelona-Sevilla

Munich-Cologne

x

x

x

Paris-Frankfurt

Route served by a direct night train

x

Paris-Geneva

Stockholm-Luleå

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

x x

x

x

x

x

x

Copenhagen-Aalborg

x

Vienna-Düsseldorf

x

Hamburg-Stuttgart

x

Frankfurt-Budapest

x

Madrid-Santiago

x

Paris-Lyon

x

Madrid-Vigo

x

Madrid-A Coruña

x

Rome-Munich

Hamburg-Zurich Manchester-Paris

1,198,119 1,159,746 1,148,015 1,146,439 1,109,793 1,059,227 1,045,828 1,045,029

x x

x

x

x x x

1,042,112 1,022,621 1,018,045 1,014,392

x

x x x

989,296 971,192 966,659 956,641 943,844 941,007 885,734 882,532 872,118 848,962 835,731

x

x

x*

x*

x

x

Paris-Zurich

Vienna-Hamburg

x

x

Rome-Bari

Düsseldorf-Zurich

x

x

x

x

London-Aberdeen

1,163,424

x

x x

x

Barcelona-Malaga Madrid-Bilbao

x

1,008,288

x

x

Stockholm-Umeå

1,204,651

x

x

Amsterdam-Frankfurt

No. of air passengers (2019)

x

x

Vienna-Zurich Milan-Brindisi

Route served by a nighttrain option under 12h

x

x x x

x

772,034 771,175 765,162 747,922 738,375 725,600 723,183 720,332 719,692

x x

782,849

718,525 x

715,117 692,048 683,927 681,050 680,075

64

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

Connection Brussels-London Frankfurt-Zurich

Vienna-Bucharest

Route served in less than 6h

Geneva-Zurich

x

Brussels-Frankfurt London-Cologne Paris-Nantes Lyon-Nantes

Vienna-Milan Paris-Brest

Rome-Vienna

Vienna-Stuttgart

London-Manchester Madrid-Oviedo

London-Inverness

Helsinki-Rovaniemi

Stockholm-Berlin

Oslo-Kristiansand

London-Bordeaux Milan-Munich

Brussels-Manchester

570,463 568,942 562,382

x x

x x

x

x

x

x*

x

562,128

x

x

x

562,246

x x

x

x x x

x*

x

x x

x

Hamburg-Cologne

578,559

x

Paris-Pau

Paris-Düsseldorf

584,312

x

x

Amsterdam-Hamburg

622,564

x

Turin-Rome

Madrid-Sevilla

625,547

x

x

Hamburg-Düsseldorf

629,775

x

Vienna-Munich Rome-Brindisi

634,044

x

x

No. of air passengers (2019) 651,241

x

x

Munich-Hannover Venice-Naples

Route served by a nighttrain option under 12h

675,607

x x

Lyon-Bordeaux

Route served by a direct night train

x

Paris-Bayonne London-Lyon

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

x x

x

558,006 552,255 548,209 544,517 543,716 542,253 535,778 535,673 525,571 522,362 516,452 510,077

x x x

x

558,401

x

508,852 503,772 489,190 486,437 479,889 477,238 464,579

x

463,775

x

460,873

* = This service used to run daily in 2019 but it now only runs a few days per week.

All routes taking less than 6 hours in 2021 took less than 6 hours in 2019 as well, except for Hamburg-Munich, Munich-Paris, Madrid-Vigo and Madrid-A Coruña which used to take longer, at least based on the criteria that we used for the collection of 2019 data. However, BrusselsGeneva, London-Luxembourg and London-Düsseldorf used to take less than 6 hours in 2019 but now take longer. Stockholm-Oslo took less than 6 hours as well, but it is not operated by train in 2021.

65

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Direct night-train services Paris-Marseille-Nice, Stockholm-Copenhagen, Stockholm-Berlin, and Vienna/Munich-Amsterdam were not in place in 2019, and no night-train option under 12 hours of duration was available for Paris-Marseille-Nice in 2019. Night-train options on the routes MilanLamezia Terme, Berlin-Zurich, Vienna-Düsseldorf, Amsterdam-Munich, and Hamburg-Zurich used to take more than 12 hours, but they take a shorter time in 2021. However, back in 2019 a direct night train was in place on the Venice-Milan-Paris route, and night-train options under 12 hours of duration were available for Madrid-Lisbon and Madrid-Porto.

Top 40 intra-EU routes for France

Connection Paris-Toulouse Paris-Nice

Paris-Marseille

Amsterdam-Paris Paris-Bordeaux Paris-Frankfurt Munich-Paris

Paris-Montpellier Paris-Lyon

Paris-Bayonne

Lyon-Bordeaux Paris-Nantes Lyon-Nantes Paris-Brest Paris-Pau

Paris-Düsseldorf Lyon-Toulouse

Marseille-Bordeaux Paris-Toulon

Route served in less than 6h

Route served by a direct night train

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Route served by a nighttrain option under 12h x x x

No. of air passengers (2019) 3,221,467 3,191,073 1,569,716 1,388,051

x

1,219,673

x

1,042,112

x

1,014,392

x

989,296

x

715,117

x

629,775

x

584,312

x

568,942

x

562,382

x x

x

x

562,128 479,889 464,579

x

432,052

x x

x

x

All routes taking less than 6 hours in 2021 took less than 6 hours in 2019 as well, except for Munich-Paris which used to take longer, at least based on the criteria that we used for the collection of 2019 data.

Direct night-train services Paris-Marseille-Toulon-Nice were not in place in 2019, and no night-train option under 12 hours of duration was available for such routes in 2019. However, back in 2019 a direct night train was in place on the Venice-Milan-Paris route.

66

426,814 391,734

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Top 40 French domestic routes Route served in less than 6h

Route served by a direct night train

Paris-Toulouse

x

x

Paris-Marseille

x

x

Connection

Paris-Nice

Paris-Bordeaux

Paris-Montpellier Paris-Lyon

Paris-Bayonne

Lyon-Bordeaux Paris-Nantes Lyon-Nantes Paris-Brest Paris-Pau

Lyon-Toulouse

Marseille-Bordeaux Paris-Toulon

Nantes-Toulouse

Paris-Clermont Ferrand Paris-Perpignan Lille-Toulouse

x x

Strasbourg-Toulouse

Strasbourg-Lyon

584,312 568,942 562,382

x

x

x x x

x

x x

x*

x

x x x x x

x

562,128 479,889 432,052 426,814 391,734 329,043 281,268 239,141 233,962 227,950 220,303 218,439 180,465

x

x

Lyon-Caen

629,775

x

Nantes-Strasbourg

1,219,673

715,117

x

x

3,191,073

989,296

x

Paris-Lourdes/Tarbes Strasbourg-Bordeaux

1,569,716

x

x

Paris-Rennes

x

x

Nice-Lyon

Lyon-Rennes

3,221,467

x

x

x

No. of air passengers (2019)

x

x

Lille-Bordeaux Lille-Marseille

x

Route served by a nighttrain option under 12h

x x

x

148,846 137,347 133,949 129,392 124,931

x

111,668

x

110,773

* = This service used to run daily in 2019 but it now only runs a few days per week.

All routes taking less than 6 hours in 2021 took less than 6 hours in 2019 as well. Direct night-train services Paris-Marseille-Toulon-Nice were not in place in 2019, and no night-train option under 12 hours of duration was available for such routes in 2019; no such option was available for Lille-Marseille either.

67

Train alternatives to short-haul flights in Europe

OBC Transeuropa • 2021

Top 40 intra-EU routes for Germany Route served in less than 6h

Route served by a direct night train

Frankfurt-Berlin

x

x

Hamburg-Munich

x

Connection

Munich-Berlin

Munich-Düsseldorf Berlin-Cologne

Frankfurt-Hamburg Berlin-Stuttgart

Berlin-Düsseldorf

Frankfurt-Munich Vienna-Frankfurt

x x x x x x

Paris-Frankfurt

x

Munich-Paris

x

Munich-Cologne Amsterdam-Munich Vienna-Berlin

Amsterdam-Frankfurt